ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1255"> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11 (filtered)"> <title> </title> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:DavidFix;} @font-face {font-family:David; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Guttman Yad"; panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; punctuation-wrap:simple; text-autospace:none; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; punctuation-wrap:simple; text-autospace:none; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; punctuation-wrap:simple; text-autospace:none; direction:rtl; 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font-family:DavidFix'>ÑÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß<a name="SINGLE_TWO"> ÑéÑêÕ ÛÑÙê ÞéäØ </a><a name=TITLE>ÒÑÕÔ ÜæÓç</a></span></p> <p class=a dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:DavidFix'><span style='text-decoration:none'>&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p class=a0 dir=RTL><a name="TOP_CASE_NUMBER"><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:DavidFix'>ÑÒ&quot;å  6652/96</span></b></a></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><a name=DETAILS><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></b></a></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ÑäàÙ:                                               <a name=JUDGES>ÛÑÕÓ ÔéÕäØ  Ð' ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ</a></span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>                                                      ÛÑÕÓ ÔéÕäØ Ù' ÖÞÙè</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>                                                      ÛÑÕÓ ÔéÕäØê Ó' ÑÙàÙé</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><a name="SINGLE_THREE"></a><a name="PLAINTIF_TITLE"><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔâÕêè</span></a><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ê<b>:                                          </b><a name=PLAINTIFS>ÔÐÒÕÓÔ ÜÖÛÕÙÕê ÔÐÖè×</a></span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix; letter-spacing:5.0pt'>                   àÒÓ</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix; letter-spacing:5.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><a name="RESPONDERS_TITLE"><span lang=HE style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔÞéÙÑ</span></a><b><span lang=HE style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>:                                            </span></b><a name=RESPONDERS><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>éè ÔäàÙÝ</span></a></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><a name="SINGLE_FOUR"><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:DavidFix'>êÐèÙÚ ÔÙéÙÑÔ:<b>                                  </b></span></a><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>Ó' ÑÐÓè êéà&quot;× (2.3.98)</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ÑéÝ </span><a name="IN_NAME_PLAINTIF_TITLE"><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:DavidFix'>ÔâÕêè</span></a><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:DavidFix'>ê:                                   <a name="IN_NAME_PLAINTIF">âÕ&quot;Ó â' éçÕÜàÙçÕÑ </a></span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ÑéÝ</span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'> <a name="IN_NAME_RESPONDER_TITLE">ÔÞéÙÑ</a>:                                     <a name="IN_NAME_RESPONDER">âÕ&quot;Ó â' äÕÒÜÞß </a></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='line-height:150%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:150%;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='line-height:150%'><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:David'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=a3 dir=RTL><a name="DOCUMENT_TITLE"><b><span lang=HE style='font-size: 14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:DavidFix'>äáç-ÓÙß</span></b></a></p> <p class=a3 dir=RTL><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:DavidFix'><span style='text-decoration:none'>&nbsp;</span></span></b></p> <p class=a6 dir=RTL><a name="WRITER_NAME"><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔéÕäØ  Ð' ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ:</span></a></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;line-height:200%'><b><u><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'>Ôèçâ ÜâêÙèÔ</span></u></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>1.           ÑâêÙèÔ ÖÕ àêÑçéàÕ ÜçÑÕâ ÛÙ éÕèÔ ÐèÕÛÔ éÜ áâÙäÙÝ ÑäçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê, 1933 (ÜÔÜß : <b>äçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê</b>) ÕÛß êçàÔ 94 ÜêçàÕê ÔÔÒàÔ (éâê ×ÙèÕÝ), 1945 (ÜÔÜß : <b>êçàÔ 94</b>), ÑØÜÙÝ ÞÙÕÝ 10.3.96, ÐÕ Ü×ÜÕäÙß ÞÙÕÝ 17.9.96, ÛÙÕÕß éÔÝ âÕÞÓÙÝ ÑáêÙèÔ Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç (ÜÔÜß : <b>×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ</b>). äçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê âÕáçê, ÑÙß ÔÙêè, ÑÓèÙéÕê èÙéÕÙ ÜéÝ ÔÓäáê âÙêÕàÙÝ ÕÔÕæÐêÝ ÜÐÕè ÕÑÓèÙéÕê èÙéÕÙ ÜéÝ Ô×Öçê ÑÙê ÓäÕá. âÙçèÔ éÜ êçàÔ 94 ÑæÕèÚ ÑÔÙêè éÜ ÔÞÞÕàÔ âÜ ÔÞ×ÕÖ ÜÔÕæÐÔ ÜÐÕè éÜ âÙêÕß.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>ÔÔÙáØÕèÙÔ Ô×çÙçêÙê éÜ ×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>2.           ÑÙÕÝ 3.3.92 ÔêçÑÜ ÑÛàáê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÑÒÙèáêÕ ÔèÐéÕàÔ (á&quot;× 1387, Ôêéà&quot;Ñ, âÞ' 114 ÞÙÕÝ 12.3.92). áâÙã 6 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ çÑâ, ÑÙß ÔÙêè, ÛÙ  &quot;ÔÕèÐÕê ×ÙçÕç éÔÙÕ ÑêÕçã âèÑ ê×ÙÜêÕ éÜ ×Õç ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ, ÕÔß âÕÞÓÕê ÑáêÙèÔ ÜÔÕèÐÕêÙÕ, ÙâÞÓÕ ÑêÕçäß âÓ êÕÝ éàêÙÙÝ ÞÙÕÝ ê×ÙÜêÕ éÜ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ&quot; (ÜÔÜß : êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔèÐéÕàÔ). </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>3.           ÜçèÐê êÕÝ êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔèÐéÕàÔ, ÔêçÑÜ ÑÛàáê (ÑÙÕÝ 9.3.94) ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÔàÕÛ×Ù (á&quot;× 1454, Ôêéà&quot;Ó, âÞ' 90) Ðéè ÑÙØÜ Ðê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÔçÕÓÝ ÕçÑâ ÑáâÙã 10, ÛÙ: </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÔÕèÐÕê ×ÙçÕç éÐÜÞÜÐ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ ÐÕ ×Õç-ÔÙáÕÓ éÑÕØÜ ÛÐÞÕè ÑáâÙã 9, ÔÙÕ êçäÕê âèÑ ê×ÙÜêÕ éÜ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ ÙâÞÓÕ ÑêÕçäß âÓ êÕÝ éàêÙÙÝ ÞÙÕÝ ê×ÙÜêÕ éÜ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ, ÐÝ ÜÐ ÑÕØÜÕ çÕÓÝ ÜÛß, ÕÐÕÜÝ äÙèÕéß éÜ ÔÔÕèÐÕê ÔÐÞÕèÕê ÙÙâéÔ ÑèÕ× ÔÕèÐÕê ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ&quot;.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ äÕèáÝ  ÑÙÕÝ 10.3.94, ÕÜäÙÛÚ äçâÔ êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔàÕáäê Ñê ÔéàêÙÙÝ (ÜÔÜß: êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéàÙÔ) ÑÙÕÝ 10.3.96.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÑÙÕÝ 30.10.96, ÔêçÑÜ ÑÛàáê ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ: ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç (êÙçÕß) (äÕèáÝ Ñá&quot;× 1602, Ôêéà&quot;Ö, âÞ' 4, ÑÙÕÝ 7.11.96), Ðéè êÙçß Ðê áâÙã 10 Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÕÔÐèÙÚ Ðê êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéàÙÔ, ÑçÕÑâÕ, ÛÙ :</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÑáâÙã 10 Ü×Õç-ÙáÕÓ: ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÑÞçÕÝ 'âÓ êÕÝ éàêÙÙÝ' ÙÑÕÐ 'âÓ êÕÝ ÐèÑâ éàÙÝ&quot;.</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÑÔêÐÝ ÜêÙçÕß ÔÐÞÕè, ÔÕÐèÛÔ êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéàÙÔ, èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙê, âÓ ÜÙÕÝ 10.3.98 (ÜÔÜß : êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéÜÙéÙê). </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>4.           ÑÙÕÝ 18.3.98, éÞÕàÔ ÙÞÙÝ ÜÐ×è áÙÕÝ êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéÜÙéÙê,  çÙÑÜÔ ÔÛàáê Ðê ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ: ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç (êÙçÕß Þá' 2) (á&quot;× 1662, Ôêéà&quot;×, éäÕèáÝ ÑÙÕÝ 19.3.98). êÙçÕß ÖÔ çÑâ:</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÑáâÙã 10 Ü×Õç-ÔÙáÕÓ ÑÞçÕÝ 'âÓ êÕÝ ÐèÑâ éàÙÝ ÞÙÕÝ ê×ÙÜêÕ éÜ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ' ÙÑÕÐ 'âÓ ÙÕÝ Ð' ÑàÙáß Ôêéá&quot;Ñ (14 ÑÞèá 2002)'&quot;.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>5.           âÕÓ èÐÕÙ ÜæÙÙß (ÞØâÝ éÙÕÑÔè ÑÔÞéÚ), ÛÙ ÑÙÕÝ 26.2.96 çÙÑÜÔ ÔÛàáê Ðê ×Õç ÔêäÖèÕê ÔÛàáê ÔéÜÕé-âéèÔ, Ôêéà&quot;Õ1996-, ÜäÙÕ ÔêäÖèÔ ÔÛàáê ÜäàÙ ÒÞè ÛÔÕàêÔ. ÔÑ×ÙèÕê ÜÛàáê ÔÐèÑâ-âéèÔ ÔêçÙÙÞÕ ÑÙÕÝ 29.5.96, ÕÑÙÕÝ 17.6.96 ÔêÛàáÔ ÜèÐéÕàÔ ÔÛàáê ÔÐèÑâ-âéèÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>6.           âêÙèÔ ÖÕ àÕÒâê ÜéàÙ äèçÙ ÖÞß âÙçèÙÙÝ. ÔèÐéÕß àÕÒâ ÜêçÕäÔ éÑÙß  10.3.96 Ü- 7.11.96 (éÛß ÑÙÕÝ 10.3.96 ÔáêÙÙÞÔ êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéàÙÔ, Ðéè ÔÕÐèÛÔ èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙê èç ÑÙÕÝ 7.11.96). äèç ÔÖÞß ÔéàÙ ÔÕÐ ÖÔ éÑÙß ÙÕÝ 10.3.98 ÕÑÙß ÙÕÝ 19.3.98. Ðã ÑêçÕäÔ ÖÕ äçâÔ êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, Ðéè ÔÕÐèÛÔ êéâÔ ÙÞÙÝ ÜÐ×è ÞÛß âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÔÛàáê ÑÐÕäß èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>ØâàÕê ÔâÕêèê</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>7.           ÜÒÙéê ÔâÕêèê, ÔáâÙäÙÝ ÑÓÑèÙ Ô×çÙçÔ àéÕÐ âêÙèÔ ÖÕ (ÑäçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94) âÕÞÓÙÝ ÑáêÙèÔ ÜÖÛÕê Ü×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç  ÕÜ×Õäé ÔÑÙØÕÙ, Ðéè ÔÕÛèÕ ÛÖÛÕÙÕê ÙáÕÓ. âÕÓ ÒÕèáê ÔâÕêèê, ÛÙ ÔäÒÙâÔ ÔÐÞÕèÔ ÑÖÛÕÙÕê ÙáÕÓ ÐÜÔ, ÔÙàÔ ÜêÛÜÙê ÜÐ èÐÕÙÔ ÕÑÞÙÓÔ ÔâÕÜÔ âÜ ÔàÓèé. Ûß ØÕâàê ÔâÕêèê, ÛÙ ÑäèçÙ ÔÖÞß ÑÔÝ ÜÐ ×Ü áâÙã éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, ÑØÜÕ ÞÐÜÙÔß ÔÕèÐÕê ÔÓÙß ÔÞäÕèØÕê ÑâêÙèÔ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>8.           ØâàÔ àÕáäê ÐÕêÔ ÞâÜÔ ÔâÕêèê ÔÙàÔ, ÛÙ êÙçÕß Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ Ðéè àâéÔ ÑÐÕäß èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙ, ÐÙàÕ êÕäé. éÛß, ÜÐ àÙêß Ü×Õçç ×Õç ÙáÕÓ ÜÞäèâ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>9.           ÞÕáÙäÔ ÕØÕâàê ÔâÕêèê, ÛÙ ÓÙß ÔêÙçÕàÙÝ Ñ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÜÔÙäáÜ ÜÐÕè äÙáçê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ éÜ ×Õç ÙáÕÓ:  ÛÑÕÓ ÔÐÓÝ Õ×ÙèÕêÕ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>ØâàÕê ÔÞéÙÑ</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>10.         ÐÙß ÑØâàÕê ÔÞéÙÑ ÔêÙÙ×áÕê ÐÜ ÞÕÜ ÔêéêÙê ÔÞéäØÙê Ôè×ÑÔ éÔæÙÒÔ ÔâÕêèê ÑÓÑè ÔäÒÙâÔ éÜ ÓÑèÙ Ô×çÙçÔ ÔàÓÕàÙÝ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÕÑÐÙ âÞÙÓêÝ  ÑäÙáçê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ éÜ ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ. ØâàÕê ÔÞéÙÑ àÕÒâÕê ÜÞÙéÕèÙÝ Ð×èÙÝ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>11.         ØâàêÕ ÔèÐéÕàÔ éÜ ÔÞéÙÑ, Ðéè ÔÙàÔ ÞâÙß Øâàê áã, ÔÙÐ ÛÙ âÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÜçÙÙÝ ÑÙçÕèê ×ÕçêÙê ÐÚ Õèç ÑÔçéè çÕàçèØÙ, Ðéè ÐÙàÕ çÙÙÝ ÑÞçèÔ ÖÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>12.         âÕÓ ØÕâß ÔÞéÙÑ, Üê×ÕÜÔ éÜ áâÙã 38 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ: ÔÛàáê, ÔçÕÑâ: </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÛÜ ×ÙçÕç éêÕçäÕ ÔÙÔ äÕçâ êÕÚ éàÙ Ô×ÕÓéÙÝ ÔÐ×èÕàÙÝ ÜêçÕäê ÛÔÕàêÔ éÜ ÔÛàáê ÔÙÕæÐê, ÐÕ êÕÚ ÐèÑâÔ ×ÕÓéÙÝ ÜÐ×è éÔÛàáê Ô×ÜÙØÔ ÜÔêäÖè, ÐÕ êÕÚ éÜÕéê Ô×ÕÓéÙÝ ÔèÐéÕàÙÝ ÜêçÕäê ÛÔÕàêÔ éÜ ÔÛàáê ÔàÛàáê - ÙâÞÕÓ ÑêÕçäÕ âÓ êÕÝ éÜÕéê Ô×ÕÓéÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ&quot;. </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÔÙÕê ÕÔÛàáê ÔêäÖèÔ ÑÙÕÝ 26.2.96, ÛéÑÕâÙÙÝ ÙÞÙÝ ÜäàÙ ÔÞÕâÓ ÔçÑÕâ ÜäçÙâê êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔéàÙÔ, âÕÞÓê, âÜ äÙ ÔØâàÔ, ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÑêÕçäÔ, Üä×Õê âÓ ÜÙÕÝ 17.9.96, éÔÕÐ ÙÕÝ áÙÕÝ ÔêçÕäÔ Ñê éÜÕéê Ô×ÕÓéÙÝ, Ðéè ÑÞÔÜÛÔ âÕÞÓÙÝ ×ÕçÙÝ ÑêÕçäÝ ÞÛÕ× áâÙã 38 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ: ÔÛàáê.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>13.         ØâàÔ àÕáäê, Ðéè ÞâÜÔ ÔÞéÙÑ ÔÙàÔ ÛÙ éÙØê ÔÞéäØ ÔÙéèÐÜÙê ÐÙàÔ ÞÛÙèÔ Ñ&quot;ÑØÜÕê ÐÕØÕÞØÙê&quot; éÜ ×ÕçÙÝ. ÑØÜÕê ÐÕØÕÞØÙê âÕÞÓê ÑáêÙèÔ ÑÕÜØê ÜêÛÜÙê Ô×ÕçêÙê éÑÑáÙá êÙçÕß ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, Ðéè ÔÙàÔ éÞÙèê êÕçäÝ éÜ ÛÜ Ô×ÙçÕçÙÝ Ðéè çÓÞÕ Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>14.         ØâàÔ Ð×èÕàÔ, Ðéè ÞâÜÔ ÔÞéÙÑ, ÔÙàÔ ÛÙ ÐÜ ÜÕ ÜÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÜÔêâèÑ ÑáÕÒÙÙê ÔäÒÙâÔ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç ÛÜ âÕÓ äÕâÜê ÕÕâÓÔ æÙÑÕèÙê ÜÑÓÙçê ÔÔáÓèÙÝ Ô×ÕçÙÙÝ éÜ ÔâÙêÕàÕê ÑÙéèÐÜ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><u><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔÓèéÕê ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÜâêÙèÔ éÐÙàÔ çÕàçèØÙê</span></u></b></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>15.         ÜâàÙÙß Ó×ÙÙê ÔØâàÔ ÔèÐéÕàÔ éÜ ÔÞéÙÑ ÛÛÜ éÔÙÐ àÕÒâê ÜÖÛÕê ÔâÞÙÓÔ, ÓÙ ÐÝ ÐäàÔ ÜÓÑèÙÕ éÜ ÔàéÙÐ éÞÒè Ñâ&quot;Ð 621/93 (<u>Ñàç ÔÞÖè×Ù à' ÞÒÓÜ</u>, ä&quot;Ó ÞØ(4) 221, 350-349) ÛÙ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;... Ôß ÐæÜàÕ ÕÔß ÑÐàÒÜÙÔ ÕÑÐèÔ&quot;Ñ <u>ÔÕè×ÑÔ ÑêçÕäêàÕ ÖÛÕê ÔâÞÙÓÔ ÕÔÙÐ ÔÕâàçÔ ÑàáÙÑÕê ÞÕÒÓèÕê ÒÝ ÜÞÙ éÐÙàÕ àäÒâ ÑÞÙéèÙß ÞäâÜÔ éÜ ÔèéÕê</u> (èÐÔ ÐæÜàÕ ÑÒ&quot;æ 852/86 ÐÜÕß ÕÐ×' à' éè ÔÞéäØÙÝ ÕÐ×', ä&quot;Ó ÞÐ(2) 3; ÑÒ&quot;æ 1/81 éÙèß à' èéÕê ÔéÙÓÕè, ä&quot;Ó ÜÔ(3) 356, ÑÒ&quot;æ 428/86 ÑèÖÙÜÙ à' ÞÞéÜê ÙéèÐÜ, ä&quot;Ó Þ(3) 589; ÕèÐÔ ÒÝ- </span><span dir=LTR>H.W.R. WADE, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, OXFORD, 5TH. ED. ( 1982 )583 </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>; Ó&quot;è ÖÐÑ áÒÜ ÖÛÕê ÔâÞÙÓÔ ÑÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔÒÑÕÔ ÜæÓç ääÙèÕá - ÐÕàÙÑèáÙØê êÜ-ÐÑÙÑ, ÔÕæÐÔ éàÙÔ (1993))&quot; (ÔÔÓÒéÕê ÜâÙÜ ÕÜÔÜß Ôß éÜÙ, ÐÜÐ ÐÝ æÕÙÙß Ð×èê - Ð.Ò.). </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÕÛß ÜÓÑèÙÕ éÜ ÔéÕäØ ÖÞÙè ÑÑÒ&quot;æ 2148/94 (<u>ÒÜÑèØ ÕÐ×' à' ÙÕéÑ èÐé ÕâÓê Ô×çÙèÔ ÜÑÓÙçê ÐÙèÕâ ÔØÑ× Ñ×ÑèÕß ÕÐ×'</u>, ä&quot;Ó Þ×(3) 573, 579):</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÛÙÓÕâ, ÑÙê ÞéäØ ÖÔ äê× Ðê éâèÙÕ ÑäàÙ âêÙèÕê æÙÑÕèÙÕê, ÑâàÙÙàÙÝ éÙé ÜÔÝ ×éÙÑÕê ÜéÜØÕß Ô×Õç, ÐäÙÜÕ ÐÙß ÜâÕêèÙÝ âàÙÙß ÐÙéÙ ÑâêÙèÔ. ÐàÙ áÑÕè ÛÙ Ôêäê×Õê ÖÐê ØÕÑÔ Õ×éÕÑÔ. Ùé ÑÔ æÕèÚ ÑâÙçè ÜÒÑÙ âàÙÙàÙÝ ÑÔÝ ÐÙß ÑàÞæÐ âÕêè ÑâÜ âàÙÙß ÐÙéÙ. ÐÜÔ ÔÝ âàÙÙàÙÝ ÑÔÝ èéÕê æÙÑÕèÙê çÙÑÜÔ Ô×ÜØÔ, ÐÕ âÕÞÓê ÜçÑÜ Ô×ÜØÔ, éÙé ÜÔ ÔéÜÛÔ âÜ ÔæÙÑÕè Ôè×Ñ, ÕâÜ ÔâÙçèÕß éÜ éÜØÕß Ô×Õç, ÕâÝ ÖÐê ÐÙß ÑÔ àÒÙâÔ ÙéÙèÔ ÜÐÓÝ ÞáÕÙÝ ÐÕ ÜçÑÕæÔ  ÞÕÒÓèê éÜ ÑàÙ ÐÓÝ&quot;. </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>ÕÐÙÜÕ ÜÓèÙéê ÔçÕàçèØÙÖæÙÔ ÐäàÔ ÜÓàÒ&quot;æ 4110/92 (<u>ÙÕÐÑ Ôá à' éè ÔÑÙØ×Õß</u>, ä&quot;Ó Þ×(2) 811), éÝ ÛÑè ÔÛèâàÕ, ÛÙ ÜÐ Þß ÔÔÛè× ÔÕÐ êÞÙÓ ÛÙ âêÙèÔ êÔÐ ÞÜÕÕÔ ÑêéêÙê âÕÑÓêÙê çÕàçèØÙê ÞâÑè ÜäèéàÕêÔ éÜ ÔÕèÐÔ ÔâÕÞÓê ÜÓÙÕß. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><b><u><span lang=HE style='line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'>éÐÜê ÑØÜÕê Ô×çÙçÔ ÞÐÜÙÔ</span></u></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>16.         ÐÙß Þ×ÜÕçê, ÛÙ ÔÙÕ éàÙ äèçÙ ÖÞß, Ðéè ÑÞÔÜÛÝ ÜÐ ×ÜÔ ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, ÕÔÕèÐÔ ÖÕ ÔÕ×ÜÔ èç ÑÞÕâÓÙÝ ÞÐÕ×èÙÝ ÙÕêè ÑÐÕäß èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙ. ÕÐÙÜÕ ÜÞ×ÜÕçê éÑÙß ÔæÓÓÙÝ ÔàÕÒâê ÜÔÒÓèÔ ÔÞÓÕÙçê éÜ äèçÙ ÖÞß ÐÜÔ (ÜâàÙÙß Øâàê ÔÞéÙÑÔ ÑÙ×á Üê×ÕÜê áâÙã 38 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ÔÛàáê), ÐÙß àäçÕê  ÜÒÕäÕ éÜ âàÙÙß. éÛß, ÐÕèÚ ÔêçÕäÔ ÑÔ ÜÐ ×ÜÔ ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, ÑÙß éÞÓÕÑè ÑéÑâÔ ×ÕÓéÙÝ ÕÑÙß éÞÓÕÑè Ñ×ÕÓé, ÐÙàÔ ÞéàÔ Ðê ÔâÕÑÓÔ, éÑäèç ÖÞß ÞáÕÙÝ ÜÐ ÔÙÙêÔ ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÑêÕçã. ÑèÕè ÔÕÐ ÛÙ ÔÛàáê ÔÐèÙÛÔ Ðê ê×ÕÜê ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÑÐÕäß èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙ ÑéàÙ ÔÞÕâÓÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ. ÞÛÐß é×ÕÖèê Øâàê ÔâÕêèê, ÛÙ ÑéÜ äçÙâê ê×ÕÜê ÔÕèÐÕê ÔéÙÞÕè ÕÛêÕæÐÔ Þß ÔäÒÙâÔ éÜ ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔÞæÕÙÙàÙÝ ÑâêÙèÔ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÑØÜÙÝ ÓÙàÙÝ ÐÜÔ ÞÐÜÙÔÝ.  </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>17.         äèÕä' Ñèç ÑáäèÕ <u>äèéàÕê ÑÞéäØ</u> (ÛèÚ éÜÙéÙ - äèéàÕê ×ÕçêÙê, àÑÕ, 1994, âÞ' 730-720) ÞæÙÒ éÜÕéÔ ÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÐäéèÙÙÝ ÜÑ×Ùàê ÞâÞÓÕ éÜ ×Õç ÔäÕÒâ éÜÐ ÛÓÙß ÑÖÛÕê ÐÓÝ ÞÕÒàê: ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê ÕÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê (ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ ÞçÕèÝ Ñ - </span><span dir=LTR>O. Field, <u>The Effect of an Unconstitutional Statute</u>, (1935) 2-8</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>).</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             âÜ äÙ <b>ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê</b> (ÔÞÛÕàÔ âÜ-ÙÓÙ </span><span dir=LTR>Field</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> - </span><b><span dir=LTR>The void ab initio theory</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>) ÓÑè ×çÙçÔ ÔàÕÒÓ Ðê Ô×ÕçÔ, ÕÑâàÙÙààÕ - ÔàÕÒÓ Ðê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÔÕÐ ÑØÜ ÕÞÑÕØÜ (</span><span dir=LTR>void</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>). ÜÓÑè Ô×çÙçÔ ÜÐ ÔÙÔ ÞâÕÜÝ êÕçã ÕÔÕÐ ÑØÜ ÞÐÜÙÕ, ÛÐéè ÔÑÙØÕÜ ÔéÙäÕØÙ éÜ Ô×Õç äÕâÜ ÜÞäèâ ÞèÒâ Ô×çÙçÔ. ÜäÙ ÒÙéÔ ÖÕ, ÛÐéè ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ çÕÑâ é×Õç àÕÒÓ Ðê Ô×ÕçÔ, ÔÕÐ èç ÞæÔÙè âÜ ÞæÑ çÙÙÝ. ÔÕÐ ÐÙàÕ ÙÕæè ÞæÙÐÕê ×ÓéÔ Õäáç ÓÙàÕ ÔÕÐ ÓçÜèØÙÑÙ ÕÜÐ çÕàáØÙØÕØÙÑÙ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             âÜ äÙ <b>ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê</b> (ÔÞÛÕàÔ âÜ-ÙÓÙ </span><span dir=LTR>Field</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> - </span><b><span dir=LTR>Presumption of validity theory</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>), ×Õç é×Õçç âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÔÞ×Õçç ÜâÕÜÝ çÑÕâ Õêçã. ÐÕÜÝ ÜÐÕè ÐÙ ×ÕçêÙÕêÕ ÔÕÐ àäáÓ, ÛÜÕÞè àÙêß ÜÑÙØÕÜ âÜ-ÙÓÙ çÑÙâÔ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ. ÛÜ âÕÓ ÜÐ ÐÞè ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ Ðê ÓÑèÕ, ÓÑè Ô×çÙçÔ êçã. ÛÐéè ÔÐÕèÒß ÔÞÕáÞÚ (ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ) ÞÑØÜ ×Õç, ÖÕÔÙ äâÕÜÔ çÕàáØÙØÕØÙÑÙê. ÔÑÙØÕÜ ÙÛÕÜ ÜÔÙÕê èØèÕáäçØÙÑÙ, ÐçØÙÑÙ, ÐÕ äèÕáäçØÙÑÙ - ÔÛÜ ÛÞÕáÓè ÑàÕèÞÕê Ô×ÕçêÙÕê éÜ éÙØê ÔÞéäØ. ÜÒÙéÔ ÖÕ, ÞÕáÞÚ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔÞÑØÜ ×Õç, ÜçÑÕâ Ðê êÕæÐê ÔÑÙØÕÜ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>          <b>ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê</b> (ÔÞÛÕàÔ âÜ-ÙÓÙ </span><span dir=LTR style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:Arial'>Field</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> - </span><b><span dir=LTR style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:Arial'>The case to case</span></b><b><span dir=LTR style='line-height:200%'> </span></b><b><span dir=LTR style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:Arial'>theory</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>) ÔÙàÕ ÞÕÓÜ ÑÙàÙÙÝ ÑÙß éàÙ ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ éàÖÛèÕ. âÜ äÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ Ùé ÜÔê×éÑ ÑÞÔÕêÔ éÜ ÐÙ Ô×ÕçÙÕê ÕÑàáÙÑÕê ÔâàÙÙß. ÜâêÙÝ ÐÙ Ô×ÕçÙÕê ÔÙÐ ÛÔ ÙáÕÓÙê, âÓ ÛÙ àÙêß ÜÕÞè ÛÙ Ô×Õç ÐÙàÕ ÙÕêè Þ&quot;äÙáê àÙÙè&quot;, ÕÔÕÐ ÙÔÐ ÑØÜ ÕÞÑÕØÜ ÒÝ ÜÜÐ ÛÜ æÕèÚ ÑÔÛèÖÔ éÙäÕØÙê. ÑÞçèÙÝ Ð×èÙÝ, ÑÔÝ âéÕÙÔ ÔÑØÜÕê ÜÔÙÕê éàÕÙÔ ÑÞ×ÜÕçê (ÕÛÚ ÔÕÐ ÑÞèÑÙê ÔÞçèÙÝ), àÓèéê äâÕÜê ÑÙØÕÜ ÛÓÙ ÜáÙÙÝ Ðê êÕçäÕ ÔàÕèÞØÙÑÙ éÜ Ô×Õç. ÑÙØÕÜ ÙÛÕÜ ÜÔÙÕê èØèÕáäçØÙÑÙ, ÐçØÙÑÙ, ÐÕ äèÕáäçØÙÑÙ. ÔÔ×ÜØÔ êÙâéÔ êÕÚ Ôê×éÑÕê ÑÔáêÞÛÕê âÜ ÓÑè Ô×çÙçÔ ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ ÕÑÔÙçã ÔæÙäÙÕê ÔáÑÙèÕê éÔÕÐ Ùæè. ÜäÙ ÒÙéÔ ÖÕ, ÙÙêÛß ÛÙ ×Õç ÙÕÛèÖ ÛÑØÜ ÜæÕèÚ ÞâèÛê âÕÑÓÕê Ð×ê, ÐÚ ÙÕÛè Ûêçã ÜÞâèÛê àáÙÑÕê Ð×èê. </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><b><u><span lang=HE style='line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔÞÕÓÜ ÜÑØÜÕê ×çÙçÔ - ÞÑØ ÞéÕÕÔ</span></u></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>18.         àçÕÓê ÔÞÕæÐ ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ÔÙàÔ ÛÙ ×Õç ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ, ÑÙß ÐÝ äÓèÜÙ ÕÑÙß ÐÝ ÞÓÙàêÙ, ÐÙàÕ ×Õç ÛÜÜ ÕâÙçè, ÕÔÕÐ ÑØÜ ÞâÙçèÕ ÜÛÜ âàÙÙß ÕÓÑè. àÙêß ÜèÐÕê Ðê ÙÙéÕÞÔ éÜ ÒÙéÔ ÖÕ ÛÑè Ñäáç ÔÓÙß ÔàÕÓâ ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Marbury v. Madison</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> </span></b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'>[</span><span dir=LTR>Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137, 2 L.ed. 60(1803)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>], éàÙêß Ñéàê 1803 ÕÔàÙ× Ðê ÔÑáÙá ÜáÞÛÕê ÑêÙ ÔÞéäØ ÑÐèæÕê ÔÑèÙê ÜäáÕÜ ×çÙçÔ. Ñäáç ÔÓÙß çÑâ àéÙÐ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ÑÐÕêÔ Ôâê, ÔéÕäØ </span><span dir=LTR>Marshall</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>, ÛÙ :</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:167.35pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-167.35pt;line-height:200%'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR style='line-height:200%'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>(pp.178).</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span style='line-height:200%;font-family: DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> </span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR style='line-height:200%'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span> &quot;A law repugnant to the constitution <u>is void</u>&quot;</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>. </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>ÞéÞâÕê ÞÕéÒ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ÔêÑèèÔ Ñäáç ÔÓÙß ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR style='line-height:200%'>Norton</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR style='line-height:200%'>Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1121, 30 L. Ed. 178 (1886)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>] ÑÕ çÑâ ÔéÕäØ </span><span dir=LTR style='line-height:200%'>Field </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>: </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;An unconstitutional statute is not a law ; it confers no rights ; it imposes no duties ; it affords no protection ; it creates no office ; it is, in legal contemplation, as inoperative as though it had never been passed&quot;. (pp.186).</p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÙÔÙÔ ÖÔ àÛÕß ÜÕÞè ÛÙ ÞÐÕêÕ äáç ÓÙß ÕÐÙÜÚ, ÔÓÕçØèÙàÔ ÜäÙÔ ×Õç ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ ÑØÜ ÞâÙçèÕ ÕÛÐÙÜÕ ÜÐ ×Õçç ÞâÕÜÝ, ÔÙàÔ ÔÓÕçØèÙàÔ ÔÞáÕèêÙê ÕÔéÜØê ÑÑêÙ ÔÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙÝ (èÐÕ </span><span dir=LTR>O. Field, <u>The Effect of an Unconstitutional Statute</u>, 2 ( 1935 )</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>). ÒÝ ÛÙÕÝ, ÔÒÙéÔ éÜ ÑØÜÕê ÞÕ×ÜØê ÔÙàÔ ÔÒÙéÔ ÔéÜØê, ÛäÙ éâÕÜÔ ÞÞáäè äáçÙ ÓÙß ×ÓéÙÝ, Ðéè àÙêàÕ ÑâèÛÐÕê éÕàÕê. ÓÕÒÞÐ âÓÛàÙê ÜÛÚ àÙêß ÜÞæÕÐ, ÑÙß ÔÙêè, Ñäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÑÞÓÙàê àÑèáçÔ ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Murphy</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>, Ðéè çÑâ ÛÙ ×Õç ÔáÕêè Ðê ×ÕçêÔ éÜ ÞÓÙàê àÑèáçÔ ÔÙàÕ ÑØÜ ÞâÙçèÕ ÕÜÐ àÙêß ÜÐÛÙäÔ [</span><span dir=LTR>State ex rel. Stenberg v. Murphy, 247 Neb. 358, 527 N.W. 2d. 185 ( 1995)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>] : </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;Consequently, the provision of <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"'>§</span> 81 - 1417 which requires that the membership of the commission include a district court judge violates the distribution of powers clause found in Neb. Const. Art. II, <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'>§</span> 1, <u>and is thus void and unenforceable</u>&quot;.  (pp.194).</p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÓÕÒÞÐ àÕáäê Þß Ôâê ÔÐ×èÕàÔ, ÔÞéçäê ÞÒÞÔ ÖÕ àÙêß ÜèÐÕê ÑäáÙçêÕ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß éÜ ÓèÕÝ ÓçÕØÔ ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Weeger</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>, Ðéè çÑâ ÛÙ ×Õç Ðéè âÞÓ ÑáêÙèÔ ÜêÙçÕß ÔÐèÑâÔ âéè Ü×ÕçÔ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙê ÑØÜ ÞâÙçèÕ [</span><span dir=LTR>Weeger v. Bakeberg, 527 N.W. 2d. 676 ( S.D. 1995 )</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>] : </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;A statute found to be unconstitutional is void from its beginning and is to be treated as if it never existed&quot; (pp. 678).</p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>19.         ÐÜÐ éâÜ Ðã ÔÐÞÕè, çÙÙÞÙÝ ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ×èÙÒÙÝ ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê. ÞçÕÝ ÑÕ ×Õç, Ðéè ÔÙàÕ Ñè êÕçã êçÕäÔ ÞáÕÙÞê, ÞÕÛèÖ ÛÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ, âÕÜÕê ÜâêÙÝ éÐÜÕê ÔàÕÒâÕê ÜÖÛÕÙÕê Ðéè àÑâÕ Þß Ô×Õç, ÕÑÙ×á ÜçÑÙâÕê çÕÓÞÕê Ðéè àâéÕ âÜ-äÙ Ô×Õç ÔâÕÞÓ ÑäàÙ ÑØÜÕê. ÜâêÙÝ, çéÔ ÜÔæÓÙç ÑÞçèÙÝ ÞâÙß ÐÜÔ ÕÜÐÕè êÕæÐÕê ÐäéèÙÕê ÞÔÛèÖê ÑØÜÕê, Ðê Ô×Üê ÔÞÕÓÜ éÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê.  ÑàÙáÙÕß ÜÔêÞÕÓÓ âÝ çÕéÙ ÖÔ, ÐÙß ÔäáÙçÔ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙê çÕÔèàØÙê ÑáÕÒÙÙÔ éÜ Ô×Üê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÑÞçèÔ ÑÕ àäÒâÕê ÖÛÕÙÕê Ðéè àÙçàÕ ÞÛÕ× Ô×Õç ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ. ÑÞçèÙÝ ÞáÕÙÞÙÝ çÑâÕ ÑêÙ ÔÞéäØ, ÛÙ ÜÞèÕê çÙÕÞß éÜ ÖÛÕÙÕê éàçàÕ ÞÛÕ× Ô×Õç, Ô×Õç ÑØÜ (èÐÕ âàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Murphy</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> ÜâÙÜ). ÑÞçèÙÝ Ð×èÙÝ àäáç  ÛÙ Ô×Õç ÐÙàÕ ÑØÜ ÞÐÜÙÕ, êÕÚ ÙÙéÕÞÝ éÜ ÛÜÜÙÝ Ð×èÙÝ, áäæÙäÙÙÝ, ÜÞçèÔ ÔàÓÕß. ÓÕÒÞÐ Ü×èÙÒ ÖÔ àÙêß ÜèÐÕê Ñäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß éÜ æäÕß çèÕÜÙàÔ ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Ingram</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR>American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ingram, 301 N.C. 138, 271 S.E.2d. 46 (1980)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>]. ÔéÐÜÔ éâÜêÔ Ñäáç ÔÓÙß, ÔÙÙêÔ ÔÐÝ ×Ñèê ÑÙØÕ× ÙÛÕÜÔ ÜÔêàâè Þ×ÕÖÙ ÑÙØÕ×, Ðéè àâéÕ ÑÔêÐÝ Ü×Õç Ðéè ÔÕÛèÖ ÛÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ. ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ äáç ÛÙ :</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;It is a rule of statutory construction that a statute declared unconstitutional is void <i>ab initio</i> and has no effect&quot; (pp.51). </p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÐÚ ÑÔÞéÛÕ éÜ äáç ÔÓÙß ÞæÕÙß Ô×èÙÒ ÞÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'> </span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;A court may employ the rule that a statute is presumed valid until declared invalid ; or, in <u>a case - by - case analysis</u>, an unconstitutional statute may be given some effect&quot; (pp. 51).  </p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             Ô×èÙÒ Ñäáç ÓÙß ÖÔ, ÔÞèÞÖ âÜ æÕèÚ ÜÑ×Õß ÛÜ ÞçèÔ ÜÒÕäÕ ÕÜÔ×ÜÙØ âÜ äÙ àáÙÑÕêÙÕ, ÓÕÞÔ ÞÐÕÓ ÑÔÒÙÕß ÔØÞÕß ÑÕ ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê, ÐÚ ÖÐê ÜÜÐ ÐÙÞÕæÕ ÔÞäÕèé éÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÒÝ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ÔÛÙè Ñ×èÙÒÙÝ ÞâÙß ÖÔ Ñäáç ÔÓÙß ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Baxter</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR>Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, 308 U.S. 371, 374 60 S.Ct. 317, (1940)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>] ÑçÑâÕ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;It is quite clear, however, that such broad statements as to the effect of a determination of unconstitutionality must be taken with qualifications. The actual existence of a statute, prior to such a determination, is an operative fact and may have consequences which cannot justly be ignored. The past cannot always be erased by a new judicial declaration. The effect of the subsequent ruling as to invalidity may have to be considered in various aspects - with respect to particular relations, individual and corporate, and particular conduct, private and official&quot; (pp. 318-319). </p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÓÕÒÞÐ àÕáäê Ü×èÙÒ ÞÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê àÙêß ÜèÐÕê Ñäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß éÜ ÞÓÙàê ÐÕçÜÔÕÞÔ, ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Cullison</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR>Ethics Com'n of State of Okl. V. Cullison, 850 P.2d 1069 (Okla 1993)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>] Ðéè çÑâ ÛÙ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;When an invalid statute involves both a compulsion of statutory duties by public officials and such officials rely on the well-known presumptive validity of statutes then <u>a court may make the ruling on the statute prospective in effect</u>&quot; (pp. 1079). </p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÑäáÙçÔ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙê çÙÙÞÙÝ ×èÙÒÙÝ àÕáäÙÝ ÜÐ ÞâØÙÝ, ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê (èÐÕ : </span><span dir=LTR>American Jurisprudence 2d, 16A, pp. 92-93, fn 56-68</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>), ÐÚ ÜâàÙÙààÕ ×éÕÑ âæÝ çÙÕÞÝ éÜ ×èÙÒÙÝ, ÕÛÙ ÔÞÕÓÜ ÞÙÕéÝ ÑÒÞÙéÕê ÞáÕÙÞê ÕÜÐ ÑæÕèÔ ÔÞêâÜÞê ÞêÕÛß Ô×Õç ÕÞÞéÞâÕêÔ éÜ äáÙÜê Ô×Õç âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ.  </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>20.         áâÙã 52(1) Ü - </span><span dir=LTR>Constitution Act, 1982</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>, ÔçàÓÙ, ÔÙÓÕâ ÑÛÙàÕÙÕ </span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;The supremacy clause&quot;</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>, çÕÑâ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'> </span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;The constitution of Canada is the supreme law of Canada, and any law that is inconsistent with the provisions of the constitution is to the extent of the inconsistency, <u>of no force or effect</u>&quot;. </p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             áâÙã 52(1) ×Õçç èç Ñéàê 1982, ÐÚ ÔÕÐ ÞêÐè âçèÕß Ðéè ÔÙÔ êÞÙÓ ×Üç Þß ÔÞéäØ Ô×ÕçêÙ ÔçàÓÙ, ÔÞéçã Ðê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê (ÜÙÙéÕÝ ÒÙéÔ ÖÕ ÑäáÙçÔ ÔçàÓÙê èÐÕ </span><span dir=LTR>Hogg, <u>Constitutional Law of Canada</u>, (1992) 1241-1254</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> ÕäáçÙ ÔÓÙß ÔÞäÕèØÙÝ éÝ</span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span lang=HE dir=LTR><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span> </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> ; </span><span dir=LTR>Magnet, <u>Constitutional Law of Canada</u>, (1993) 49-51 </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> ÕäáçÙ ÔÓÙß ÔÞäÕèØÙÝ éÝ). </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>    ê×ÙÜê ÔÞÒÞÔ ÜéÙàÕÙ ÑÒÙéÔ ÖÕ àÙêß ÜèÐÕê Ñéàê 1985 ÑâàÙÙß <b>ÞàÙØÕÑÔ</b>  </span><u><span dir=LTR>Re Manitoba Language Rights</span></u><span dir=LTR>, [1985] 1 S.C.R 721) </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>). áâÙã 23 Ü×ÕçêÔ éÜ ÔäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ ÞàÙØÕÑÔ (Ðéè ÔêçÑÜÔ Ñéàê 1870) çÕÑâ ÛÙ ÛÜ ×ÕçÙ ÔäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ ×ÙÙÑÙÝ ÜÔÙ×çç ÑéêÙ éäÕê - ÐàÒÜÙê ÕæèäêÙê. Ñéàê 1890 ÔêçÑÜ ×Õç èÒÙÜ ÑäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ, Ðéè çÑâ ÛÙ àÙêß Ü×Õçç Ðê ×ÕçÙ ÔäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ ÑÐàÒÜÙê ÑÜÑÓ, ÕÞÐÖ ×ÕççÕ ÛÜ ×ÕçÙ ÔäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ ÑéäÔ ÔÐàÒÜÙê ÑÜÑÓ. ÞéÔÕÑÐ ÔâàÙÙß ÑäàÙ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÑçàÓÔ, àçÑâ ÛÙ Ô×Õç Þéàê 1890 ÔÙàÕ ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ ÕÛÙ ÛÜ Ô×çÙçÔ éÜ ÞàÙØÕÑÔ Ðéè ×ÕççÔ ÜÐ×è éàê 1890 ÑÐàÒÜÙê ÑÜÑÓ - ÐÙàÔ ×ÕçêÙê Ðã ÔÙÐ. ÜÐÕè ÔÐÞÕè ÑáâÙã 52(1) ÔÙêÔ ÔÞéÞâÕê ÔæäÕÙÔ éÜ ÔÛèÖê ÐÙ Ô×ÕçêÙÕê éÜ Ô×çÙçÔ ÛÙ ÔÙÐ ÑØÜÔ. ÐÚ Ô×ÜØÔ ÞâÙß ÖÕ, ÔÙÙêÔ ÞéÐÙèÔ Ðê ÔäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ ÛÞâØ ÑÜÐ ×çÙçÔ. ÞéâÞÓ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß âÜ ÑâÙÙêÙÕê ÖÕ ×èÒ ÑÔ×ÜØêÕ Þß ÔÐÞÕè ÑáâÙã 52(1) ÑçÑâÕ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'> </span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;ii) All acts of the Manitoba legislature that were not printed and published in both the English and French <u>languages are, and always have been, invalid and of no force and effect</u> ;  </p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'>iii) <u>All acts of the Manitoba legislature</u> which would currently be in force were it not for their constitutional defect ... are deemed to <u>have temporary validity and force and effect</u> from the date of this judgment to the expiry of the minimum period required for translation, re-enactment, printing and publishing.</p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'>iv) Rights, obligations and any other effects which have arisen under current acts, and purportedly repealed or spent acts, of the legislature of Manitoba ... are deemed temporarily to have been, and to continue to be, valid, and of force and effect until the expiry of the minimum period required for translation, re-enactment, printing and publishing&quot; (pp. 780).</p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span dir=LTR style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞéÞâÕê Ô×ÜØÔ ÖÕ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÔçàÓÙ, ÔÙàÔ ×èÙÒÔ Þß ÔäèéàÕê ÔÜéÕàÙê ÔæèÔ éÜ áâÙã 52(1) ÔÐÞÕè, ÕÞÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÔÞÐÕÞå ÑÕ, êÕÚ ÐÙÞÕå ÞÕÓÜ ÜäÙÕ Ô×ÕçÙÝ Ðéè ÓÙàÝ ÐÞÕè ÜÔÙÕê ÑØÜÕê, ÙçÑÜÕ êÕçã ÖÞàÙ âÓ ÜêèÒÕÞÝ, ×çÙçêÝ Þ×Óé ÕäèáÕÞÝ ÑèÑÙÝ. ÑàÞçÝ Ðê Ô×ÜØêÝ ÔáÑÙèÕ ÔéÕäØÙÝ ÛÙ ÔäêèÕß éçÙÑÜÕ Þ×ÕÙÙÑ ÜéÝ éÞÙèÔ âÜ éÜØÕß Ô×Õç. ÞæÓ Ð×Ó âÞÓ ÔæÕèÚ ÜÔÛÙè ÑâÜÙÕàÕê Ô×ÕçÔ, ÕÞàÒÓ ÔæÕèÚ ÛÙ ÑäèÕÑÙàæÙÔ êÔÙÔ ÞâèÛê ×ÕçÙÝ ÛÜéÔÙ. ÔäêèÕß Ðéè ÔêçÑÜ, ÙÙéÑ ÑÙß éàÙ ÔæèÛÙÝ ÑÐÕäß ÞÙØÑÙ, ÑÞØèÔ ÜéÞÕè âÜ éÜØÕß Ô×Õç (èÐÕ âÞ' 747 ÕÔÜÐÔ Ñäáç ÔÓÙß). </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>21.         ÔäêèÕß ÔÐÞÕè ÜâÙÜ ÑâàÙÙß</span><b><span dir=LTR>Manitoba</span></b><span dir=LTR> </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> ÔÕ×Ü ÑéàÙ ÞçèÙÝ ÓÕÞÙÝ ÕÑÞâèÛê àáÙÑÕê ÓÕÞÔ ÞÐÕÓ ÑéàÙÝ 1988 Õ- 1990 ÑäèÕÑÙàæÙÕê </span><span dir=LTR>Saskatchewan</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> Õ - </span><span dir=LTR>Alberta</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR>R. v. Mercure [1988] 1 S.C.R. 234 ;  R. v. Paquette [1990] S.C.R. 1103</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>]. äêèÕß ÓÕÞÔ ÔÕ×Ü Ðã ÑâàÙÙß </span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span lang=HE dir=LTR><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span> </span><b><span dir=LTR>Sinclair</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>[</span><span dir=LTR>Sinclair v. Quebec [1992] 1 S.C.R. 579</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>]. ÐÝ ÛÙ àèÐÔ ÛÙ ÑÞçèÔ ÖÔ ÔÓÕçØèÙàÔ ÔÐÞÕèÔ, ÔÕ×ÜÔ ÑÞæÑ éÜ ÐÙÕÝ ä×Õê çÙæÕàÙ âÜ éÜØÕß Ô×Õç Þß ÔÞæÑÙÝ ÔÞÐÕÖÛèÙÝ ÜâÙÜ. ÑÞçèÔ ÖÔ ÐÕ×ÓÕ éêÙ èéÕÙÕê ÞçÕÞÙÕê ÑçÕÕÙÑç, ÞÛÕ× ×Õç é×Õçç ÛàÓèé, Ôß ÑÐàÒÜÙê ÕÔß ÑæèäêÙê. ÐÜÐ éÛÜ ÔæÕÕÙÝ, ÔêçàÕê, ÕÔäèáÕÞÙÝ Ðéè àâéÕ ÜæÕèÚ ÐÙ×ÕÓ ÔèéÕÙÕê ÔÞçÕÞÙÕê àâéÕ ÑéäÔ ÔæèäêÙê ÑÜÑÓ ÑàÙÒÕÓ Ü×ÕçÔ éÜ äèÕÑÙàæÙÙê çÕÕÙÑç. ÑÔÛèâê ÔÓÙß çÑâ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÑçàÓÔ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;All of the instruments in question were printed and published in the French language only, or were not officially published at all. Clearly, therefore, the requirements of s. 133 were not complied with. <u>It follows that all of them are, and have always been, nullities and of no legal force and effect</u>. One cannot ignore, however, that, <i>de facto</i>, a new city of Royun-Noranda has been in existence since 1986 ... It would be wrong to throw the affairs of the citizens of Royun and Noranda into a state of chaos ... This is an appropriate case for this court to exercise its suspensive power by declaring that <u>the instruments in this appeal, while invalid for non-compliance with s. 133 of the <i>constitution act, 1867</i>, shall continue in force for a period of time in order to permit the National Assembly to take what steps it sees fit to remedy the constitutional defects</u>. The period of time shall be for one year from the date of this judgment&quot; (pp. 593).  </p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÔÕÕÔ ÐÕÞè, ÒÝ ÑÞçèÙÝ Ðéè ÔáÛàÔ Ôàéçäê ÜéÜØÕß Ô×Õç, ×ÞÕèÔ ä×Õê ÞÖÕ Ðéè àéçäÔ ÑÞçèÔ </span><b><span dir=LTR>Manitoba</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>, èÐÔ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÔçàÓÙ ÞçÕÝ Ü×èÕÒ Þß ÔÔÕèÐÔ ÔÞäÕèéê Ñ×ÕçÔ, ÜäÙÔ ÑØÜÔ Ô×çÙçÔ ÞÐÜÙÔ ÕÜÞæÕÐ äêèÕß ÔÞêÐÙÝ ÜàáÙÑÕê ÔÞçèÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>22.         ÐÝ àÙêß ÜÕÞè, ÛÙ ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÞÙÕéÞÙÝ ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ÕÔçàÓÙ ÓÕÞÙÝ, ÕâÙçèÝ ÞáêÛÝ ÑÔ×Üê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÕÔ×èÙÒÙÝ ÜÕ, ÔèÙ éÑÐÙèÕäÔ ÑèÕèÙÝ ÔÓÑèÙÝ ä×Õê (ÜáçÙèÔ àè×Ñê èÐÕ : Ð' Ñèç, éÝ ÑâÞ' 730-726). </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><u><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span style='text-decoration:none'>&nbsp;</span></span></u></b></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><u><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔÞÕÓÜ ÜÑØÜÕê ×çÙçÔ - ÔàÙáÙÕß ÑÞéäØ ÔÙéèÐÜÙ</span></u></b></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>23.         Ñ×Ùàê ×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç Õ×Õç ÙáÕÓ: ÛÑÕÓ ÔÐÓÝ Õ×ÙèÕêÕ ÐÙàÔ Þáäçê êéÕÑÔ ÜéÐÜÔ ÐÙÖÔ Þß ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ ×Ü ÐæÜàÕ. äáçÐÕê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ ÑéàÙ ×ÕçÙ ÔÙáÕÓ (áâÙã 8 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ: ÛÑÕÓ ÔÐÓÝ Õ×ÙèÕêÕ ÕáâÙã 4 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ: ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç) ÞæÙÑÕê ÞÑ×àÙÝ âèÛÙÙÝ ÜÐÕäß ÑÔ êÙÑ×ß Ô×çÙçÔ éÜÐ×è  ×ÕçÙ ÔÙáÕÓ, Ðéè ÛàÒÓÔ àØâàê ÔØâàÔ ÛÙ ÔÙÐ äÕÒâê ÑÖÛÕÙÕê ÔÙáÕÓ ÔÞÕÒàÕê  Ñ×ÕçÙ ÔÙáÕÓ. ÐÕÜÝ ÜÐ ÞÕÖÛè ÑäáçÐÕê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ ÐÕäß ÑÙØÕÜ Ô×çÙçÔ âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÕàäçÕê ÔÔÛèÖÔ âÜ ×Õç ÛâÜ ×Õç ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ. Ðã ÞÜéÕß áâÙäÙ éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÑéàÙ ×ÕçÙ ÔÙáÕÓ (áâÙã 10 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ÛÑÕÓ ÔÐÓÝ Õ×ÙèÕêÕ, ÕáâÙã 10 Ü×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç) ÜÐ àÙêß ÜÜÞÕÓ ÓÑè âÜ ÔÞÕÓÜ ÔèÐÕÙ ÜÞéäØ ÔÙéèÐÜÙ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>24.         ÑÑé&quot;ä 6654/93 (<u>ÑÙàçÙß à' ÞÓÙàê ÙéèÐÜ</u>, ä&quot;Ó Þ×(1) 290, 293) ÔâÙè  ÔÞéàÔ ÜàéÙÐ (ÛêÕÐèÕ ÐÖ) Ð' Ñèç, ÑÔâèê ÐÒÑ, ÛÙ:</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;×Õç èÒÙÜ Ôà×çç ÜÐ×è ÞÕâÓ ÛàÙáêÕ éÜ ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÜêÕçã, ÔäÕÒâ ÑÖÛÕê ÙáÕÓ, ÕÐéè ÐÙàÕ ÞçÙÙÝ Ðê ÓèÙéÕêÙÔ éÜ &quot;äáçê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ&quot; (áâÙã 8 Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ) ÔÕÐ ×Õç ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ. <u>ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ èéÐÙ ÜÙêß êèÕäÔ ÑÒÙàÕ. Ð×ê ÞÐÕêß ÔêèÕäÕê ÔÙÐ ÔÛèÖê ÑØÜÕê, êÕÚ çÑÙâê ÞÕâÓ ÔÑØÜÕê (èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙ, ÐçØÙÑÙ, äèÕáäçØÙÑÙ)</u>&quot;. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>25.         äáç ÔÓÙß ÑâàÙÙß <b>ÑÙàçÙß</b> âÕáç, ÑéÕàÔ Þß ÔÞçèÔ éÜàÕ, Ñ×Õç Ðéè à×çç ÜÐ×è ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÐÚ ÜâàÙÙààÕ ×éÕÑÔ ÔÐÞÙèÔ, ÛÙ êèÕäê ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙàÔ èç <u>Ð×ê</u> Þß ÔêèÕäÕê ÔÐäéèÙÕê, Ðéè ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ <u>èéÐÙ</u> ÜÙêß. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÑÑÒ&quot;æ 1715/97 (<u>ÜéÛê ÞàÔÜÙ ÔéçâÕê ÑÙéèÐÜ à' éè ÔÐÕæè</u>, ÓÙàÙÝ âÜÙÕß, àÑ, 709; ÜÔÜß : <b>ÞàÔÜÙ êÙçÙ ÔéçâÕê</b>) àÐÞè, ÛÙ ÔÕèÐÕê ÔÞâÑè ÔçÑÕâÕê ÑáâÙã 48 Ü×Õç ÔáÓèê ÔâÙáÕç ÑÙÙâÕå ÔéçâÕê ÕÑàÙÔÕÜ êÙçÙ ÔéçâÕê, Ôêéà&quot;Ô - 1995, ÐÙàß ÞÙÓêÙÕê ÕÛÙ: </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÛÜ âÕÓ ÜÐ êêÕçß ÔÞÙÓêÙÕê âÜ ÙÓÙ ÔÕèÐÕê ÞâÑè ×ÓéÕê ÞêÑçéê ÔæÔèÔ ÛÙ ÔÕèÐÕê ÔÞâÑè éÑ×Õç êÙçÙ ÔéçâÕê - ÑÛÜ ÔàÕÒâ Ü×ÕÑê ÔÑ×ÙàÕê éÜ ÞàÔÜÙÝ éÜ êÙçÙ ÔéçâÕê - Ôß ÑØÜÕê. ÑáäèÕê ÔÔéÕÕÐêÙê çÙÙÞÕê ÓâÕê éÕàÕê ÑÐéè ÜÞÔÕêÔ éÜ ÑØÜÕê ÖÕ ÕÑÐéè ÜÔéäâêÔ âÜ äâÕÜÕê éàâéÕ ÜäàÙ ÔÛèÖê ÔÑØÜÕê (èÐÔ Ð' Ñèç, <u>äèéàÕê ÑÞéäØ</u>, 720 (ÛèÚ éÜÙéÙ, 1995)). àÕÛÜ ÜÔéÐÙè éÐÜÕê ÐÜÔ ÑæèÙÚ âÙÕß, éÛß ÐÙß Ôß ÞêâÕèèÕê ÑâêÙèÔ éÜäàÙàÕ&quot; (áâÙã 67 Üäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÔàéÙÐ Ð' Ñèç). </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÕÑÔÞéÚ: </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÔàÔ ÛÙ Ûß, ÔáÓè ÔÑ×ÙàÕê ÔÞÕØÜÕê âÜ ÔâÕáçÙÝ ÔÙéàÙÝ - ÑÙß âÕáçÙÝ ØèÙÙÝ ÕÑÙß âÕáçÙÝ ÕêÙçÙÝ - ÛêàÐÙ ÜçÑÜê èéÙÕß âÜ ÙÓÝ, ÐÙàÕ ÞÙÓêÙ, ÕâÜ Ûß ÑØÜ&quot; (áâÙã 68 Üäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÔàéÙÐ Ð' Ñèç).</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÐÜÐ éÑäáç ÔÓÙß ÔÐÞÕè, ÞæÐ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÜàÛÕß ÜÔéÔÕê ÑÐÕäß ÖÞàÙ Ðê ÔÛèÖê ÔÑØÜÕê ÑçÕÑâÕ, ÛÙ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÐÛß, ÑÙØÕÜ ×ÕÑê ÔÑ×ÙàÕê ÜâÕáçÙÝ ÙéàÙÝ ÙÕæè '×ÜÜ ×çÙçêÙ' ÔÞâÕèè ÑâÙÕê ÜÐ äéÕØÕê. ÛÜ ÐÜÔ ÞæÓÙçÙÝ ÔÛèÔ ÑêçÕäê ÑÙàÙÙÝ, Ðéè ÑÔ ÙâÞÓÕ ÔÕèÐÕê ÔÞâÑè - ÕâÞß ÔÔÕèÐÕê ÑÓÑè ×ÕÑê ÔÑ×ÙàÕê - ÑêÕçã, ÛÓÙ éÔÛàáê êÕÛÜ ÜÒÑé Ðê âÞÓêÔ êÕÚ ÖÞß áÑÙè. ÛÙæÓ àÙêß ÜÔÑØÙ× êçÕäê ÑÙàÙÙÝ ÖÕ? ÔêéÕÑÔ ÔÙàÔ ÛÙ ÑæÓ ÔÔæÔèÔ ÛÙ ÔÕèÐÕê ÔÞâÑè ÑÛÜ ÔàÕÒâ ÜÑ×ÙàÕê ÑØÜÕê - Ðéè ÑâçÑÕêÙÔ êÑÕÐ ÔÔæÔèÔ âÜ ÑÙØÕÜ ×ÕÑê ÔÑ×ÙàÕê ÜâÕáçÙÝ ÔÙéàÙÝ (ÜÞâØ ÔÑ×ÙàÔ ÑÐêÙçÔ ÞçæÕâÙê) - àÕáÙã ÕàçÑâ ÛÙ ÛàÙáêß ÜêÕçã éÜ ÔæÔèÕêÙàÕ ÐÜÔ êÕéâÔ âÓ ÜÙÕÝ 31.12.1997 (ÕâÓ ÑÛÜÜ). àÞæÐ, ÛÙ âÓ Ü31.12.1997- (ÕâÓ ÑÛÜÜ) ÔÕèÐÕê ÔÞâÑè ÞÞéÙÛÕê ÜâÞÕÓ ÑêÕçäß Õ×ÕÑê ÔÑ×ÙàÕê éÜ ÔâÕáçÙÝ ÔÙéàÙÝ ÞÞéÙÛÔ Ðã ÔÙÐ ÜâÞÕÓ ÑêÕçã, ÛäÕã ÛÞÕÑß, ÜÔáÓè ÔÑÙàÙÙÝ ÐÜÙÕ ÔÒÙâÕ ÔæÓÓÙÝ. ÔéâÙÔ ÖÕ êÐäéè ÜÛàáê ÜçÑÕâ Ðê âÞÓêÔ ÑÐéè ÜÔÕèÐÕê ÔÞâÑè ÑÛÜ ÔàÕÒâ ÜÑ×ÙàÕê&quot; (áâÙã 69 Üäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÔàéÙÐ Ð' Ñèç).</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             Ðã ÑâàÙÙß ÞàÔÜÙ êÙçÙ ÔéçâÕê, ÜÐ âÜÔ ÔæÕèÚ ÜçÑÕâ ÐÙÖÔ ÞéÜÕéê ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ×Ü ÑéÙØê ÔÞéäØ ÔÙéèÐÜÙ, ÐÝ ÛÙ ÜÐ×è ÔÛèÖê ÔÑØÜÕê, ÔÕéÔêÔ ÔÔÛèÖÔ, ÑÓÕÞÔ ÜÐéè àâéÔ ÜÐ×èÕàÔ ÑÞéäØ ÔçàÓÙ (èÐÔ áçÙèê ÔÞéäØ ÔçàÓÙ ÜâÙÜ ÕáâÙã 69 Üäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÔàéÙÐ Ñèç ÑâàÙÙß ÞàÔÜÙ êÙçÙ ÔéçâÕê). </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>26.         ÞçÕè ÐàÜÕÒÙ àÕáã ÑÞéäØ ÔÙéèÐÜÙ, ÔÙàÕ êäÙáê ÔÑØÜÕê ÑÞéäØ ÔÞÙàÔÜÙ. ÑÙ×á ÜÞçÕè ÖÔ àÐÞè ÛÙ: &quot;ÑâêÙÓ ÔÜÐ è×Õç, ÔéÐÜÔ éÜ êÕæÐÕê ÔÔäèÔ Ô×ÕçêÙê êâÜÔ âÜ ÔÞÓÕÛÔ ÔéÙäÕØÙê ÒÝ ÑÙéèÐÜ. èÐÕÙ ÛÙ ÛÐéè êÑÕÐ éÐÜÔ ÖÕ ÜÓÙÕß, ÔÞéäØ ÔÞàÔÜÙ ÙÕÛÜ ÜéÞé ÞçÕè ÔéèÐÔ, ÕÜÐ ÞÑÕÛÔ&quot; (Ó' Ñèç - ÐèÖ, &quot;ÑØÜÕê Ù×áÙê ÕéÙçÕÜ Óâê éÙäÕØÙ&quot;, <u>ÞéäØÙÝ</u>, êéà&quot;Ô, 519, 523). ÔÞéäØ ÔÞÙàÔÜÙ ÔÞáÕèêÙ ÔÛÙè ÑéêÙ êÕæÐÕê ÐäéèÙÕê éÜ äâÕÜÕê ÞéäØÙÕê äÒÕÞÕê : ÑØÜÕê ÕàäáÓÕê (èÐÕ ÜÞéÜ : â&quot;Ð 790/77 <u>ÐÕèØ ÕÐ×' à' ÔäÕÜ ÜÑÙØÕ× ×ÕÑÔ Ñâ&quot;Þ ÕÐ×'</u>, ä&quot;Ó ÜÓ(2) 285, 290-291 ; Ù' ÖÞÙè, <u>ÔéäÙØÔ ÑâàÙÙàÙÝ ÞàÔÜÙÙÝ</u> (êéÞ&quot;Ñ) 22). ÐÕÜÝ ÑÞÔÜÚ ÔéàÙÝ Ôêäê×Ô ÔêäÙéÔ  ÜäÙÔ ÔÑØÜÕê ÐÙàÔ âèÚ ÞÕ×ÜØ. Ñäáç ÔÓÙß Ñâ&quot;ä 768/80 (<u>éäÙèÐ ÕéÕê' ×ÑèÔ çÑÜàÙê ÑàêàÙÔ Ñâ&quot;Þ à' ÞÓÙàê ÙéèÐÜ</u>, ä&quot;Ó ÜÕ(1) 337); ÕÑÓ&quot;à 12/81 (<u>éäÙèÐ ÕéÕê' ×ÑèÔ çÑÜàÙê ÑàêàÙÔ Ñâ&quot;Þ à' ÞÓÙàê ÙéèÐÜ</u>, ä&quot;Ó ÜÕ(3) 645) ÔáêÞß éÙàÕÙ ÑÒÙéê ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÕÑÞéÞâÕê ÞÕéÒ ÔÑØÜÕê ÕâÕæÑ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê, ÔÞÕ×Ü ÞÐÖ Ñê×ÕÝ ÔÞéäØ ÔÞÙàÔÜÙ (èÐÕ ÜÞéÜ : â&quot;ä 866/95 <u>ÐÔèÕß áÕáß à' ÞÓÙàê ÙéèÐÜ</u>, ä&quot;Ó à(1) 793).</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>27.         ÔéÐÜÔ ÐÙÖÔ ÞéÜÕéê ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ ×ÜÙÝ ÑÞéäØ ÔÙéèÐÜÙ, ÜÐ ÔÕÛèâÔ ÑÑÙèÕè, ÕÓÕÞàÙ, ÛÙ ÒÝ ÑâêÙèÔ ÖÕ ÐÙß æÕèÚ ÜÔÛèÙâ ÑÔ, ÞÔØâÞÙÝ éÙÕÑÐÕ ÜÔÜß.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><u><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span style='text-decoration:none'>&nbsp;</span></span></u></b></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>äçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜÐÕè ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>28.         ÞáçÙèê ÔÞéäØ ÔÞéÕÕÔ âÕÜÔ, ÛÙ ÒÝ ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê Ùé äàÙÝ éÕàÕê ÕÔÕÐ ÜÕÑé æÕèÕê éÕàÕê ÑéÙØÕê ÞéäØ éÕàÕê. Ðã Ð×ê ÞéÙØÕê ÔÞéäØ ÔÞÙÙéÞÕê Ðê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÐÙàÔ ÞÙÙéÞê ÐÕêÕ ÑÞÕÑàÕ &quot;ÔØÔÕè&quot; ÕÛÜ Ð×ê ÞÔß ÞÒÓÙèÔ ×èÙÒÙÝ Þß ÔæÕèÚ ÑçÑÙâÔ éÜ ÑØÜÕê.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>29.         ÐÝ àÐÞå, ÜæÕèÚ ÔÓÙÕß, Ðê ÔÞÕÓÜ éÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÛäÙ éÔÕÐ ÞÙÕéÝ ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ, ÜÐ Ù×ÙÙÑ ÔÓÑè ÞáçàÔ ÛÙ ÓÙß ÔâêÙèÔ ÜÔêçÑÜ. ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ×Ü ×èÙÒ ÜÑØÜÕê, ÑÞçèÙÝ ÑÔÝ êÑÙÐ ÔÑØÜÕê ÜäÒÙâÔ ÑÖÛÕÙÕê Ðéè &quot;àçàÕ&quot; ÞÛÕ× Ô×Õç ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ. ÐÜÐ é×èÙÒ ÖÔ ÜÐ ÞêçÙÙÝ ÑÞçèÔ éÜàÕ, ÛéäçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 èç ÞÒÑÙÜÕê Ðê èÛÙéêß éÜ ÖÛÕÙÕê (êÕÚ ÐÙÞÕå Ôà×ê âÑÕÓÔ ÑÜÑÓ, ÛÙ Ôß ÐÛß äÕÒâÕê Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç), ÕÑÞçÑÙÜ Ôß ÞçàÕê áÞÛÕÙÕê ÜàÕéÐÙ êäçÙÓÙÝ. Ô×èÙÒ ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÔÞÕÑÙÜ ÜêÕæÐÔ ÛÙ ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔÞäÕèØÙÝ ÑâêÙèÔ ÙâÞÓÕ âÜ ÛàÝ, àÕÑâ ÞÞçÕè Ð×è, ÛäÙ éÙÕÑÔè ÜÔÜß. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>30.         ÐÙß Þ×ÜÕçê ÑÙß ÔæÓÓÙÝ, ÛÙ ÔÕèÐÕê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔÕÐèÛÕ, Ðã ÐÝ àâéÔ ÔÓÑè ÑÐÙ×Õè ÕÜÐ×è éäçâÕ ÔÔÕèÐÕê ÐÕêß êÙçàÕ. ÛêÕæÐÔ Þß ÔÐÙ×Õè Ñ×çÙçê ÔÕèÐÕê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ àÕæè ÞæÑ ÑÕ äçâ êÕçäÔ éÜ ÔÔÕèÐÔ ÕÓÙàÙÝ âÞÓÕ ÑáêÙèÔ Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÛéÐÙß áâÙã ×ÕçêÙ Ô&quot;ÞÒß&quot; âÜÙÔÝ. ÜÐ×è äèç ÖÞß ÞáÕÙÝ êÕçß ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÕÔÓÙàÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ éÕÑ àÞæÐÕ ×ÕáÙÝ ê×ê ÔÒàê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ âæÞÕ. ÓÕÞÔ ÔÓÑè ÜÞæÑ ÑÕ ×Õç ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ çÙÑÜ êÕçã ÛêÕæÐÔ ÞêÙçÕß ÞÐÕ×è éÜ Ô×ÕçÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             àÙêß ÜÔÑ×Ùß ÑäáÙçÔ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙê ÑÞáäè ÒÙéÕê éÕàÕê ÑáÕÒÙÙÔ ÖÕ. ÜäÙ ÒÙéÔ Ð×ê, ÜÐ àÙêß ÜÙêß êÕçã Ü×çÙçÔ ÔáÕêèê ×ÕçÔ, âÜ-ÙÓÙ êÙçÕß ÞÐÕ×è ÙÕêè éÜ Ô×ÕçÔ, ÐÜÐ ÐÝ Ûß êÙçÕß Ô×ÕçÔ ÞÐéèè Ðê êÕçã Ô×Õç ÑÐÕäß ÞäÕèé. ÑèÕ× ÖÕ çÑâ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß éÜ ÞÓÙàê àÙÕ-ÔÞäéÙè ÑâàÙÙß:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=LTR style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'>Trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy v. Exeter, [90 N.H. 472, 27 A.2d 569 (1940) ]:</p> <p class=4 dir=LTR style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;The adoption of the state constitution had no retroactive effect to validate a void act of the General Assembly. So far as the Assembly acted in excess of power, the constitution was inoperative to bestow on it more or greater power than it had when it thus acted &quot; (pp. 528).</p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÑèÕ× ÓÕÞÔ Ðã äáç ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß éÜ ÞÓÙàê ÞÙáÕèÙ ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Armco</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR>Armco Steel v. City of Kansas City, Mo. 883 S.W.2d. 3, (Mo. Banc 1994) </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;An unconstitutional statute is not validated by a subsequent constitutional amendment, except, possibly, where the latter ratifies and confirms it ... Without express ratification and confirmation, the statute must be reenacted&quot; (pp.7). </p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÐÜÐ éÒÝ ÔÓÕÒÜÙÝ ÑÒÙéÔ ÖÕ ÞæÐÕ ÜÔ ×èÙÒÙÝ. ÔÞÜÕÞÓ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ </span><span dir=LTR>Field</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> ÔêÙÙ×á ÜÛÚ, êÕÚ éÔÕÐ ÞÓÒÙé Ðê ÛÕ×Õ éÜ ÙæÙèê ÔÐçØ Ô×ÕçêÙ ÜâÕÞê ÛÕ×Õ éÜ ÔÞ×Õçç ÔèÒÙÜ (ÑâÞ' 293 ÜáäèÕ Ôà&quot;Ü) :</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;It should be clear that, as stated earlier in this section, the void ab initio doctrine is not conclusive. The constituent power may call a spade a spade, or it may call a spade a hoe, and a hoe it will be thereafter, so far as law is concerned. So those making or changing constitutions may revive an invalid statute by saying that it is revived...&quot;.</p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÓÕÒÞÐ ÜÙÙéÕÝ ÒÙéÔ, ÔÞÐäéèê Ô×ÙÙÐÔ éÜ ×çÙçÔ çÕÓÞê Ðéè âÞÓÔ ÑáêÙèÔ Ü×ÕçÔ, àÙêß ÜèÐÕê Ñäáç ÓÙàÕ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß éÜ ÞÓÙàê àÙÕ-ÞçáÙçÕ ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Fellows</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> [</span><span dir=LTR>Fellows v. Shultz, 81 N.M. 496, 469 P.2d. 141 (1970)</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>]. ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ×Öè âÜ àçÕÓê ÔÞÕæÐ éÜ ÔÒÙéÔ ÔÐÞÕèÔ ÑçÑâÕ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'> </span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;It is a well-established rule of constitutional law that an unconstitutional  statute is wholly void from the time of its enactment and is not validated by a subsequent constitutional change which would allow the enactment of such a statute&quot; (pp. 146-147).</p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÐÜÐ éÑÙê ÔÞéäØ áÙÙÒ Ðê ÔÛÜÜ ÕçÑâ ×èÙÒ, ÜäÙÕ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'> </span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;Under certain very limited circumstances, constitutional amendments have been held to validate prior unconstitutional statutes. <u>Where the constitutional amendment expressly or impliedly ratifies or confirms the unconstitutional statute, it has been held to validate the statute</u>, provided that such validation does not impair the obligations of a contract or divest vested rights&quot; (pp. 147).</p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞéÞâÕê ÔÓÑèÙÝ ÔÙàÔ, ÛÙ ÒÝ ÜÒÙéÔ ÔÞ×ÞÙèÔ, ÜäÙÔ ÜÐ àÙêß ÜÙêß êÕçã Ü×Õç ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ âÜ-ÙÓÙ êÙçÕß Ô×ÕçÔ, Ùé ×èÙÒÙÝ ÑÞçèÙÝ ÑÔÝ àÐÞè ÞäÕèéÕê, ÐÕ àèÞÖ ÛÙ êÙçÕß Ô×ÕçÔ Þ×ÙÙÔ Ðê Ô×Õç. ÑâàÙÙß </span><b><span dir=LTR>Fellows</span></b><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> çÑâ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÛÙ ÜÐ ÔÙÙêÔ Ô×ÙÙÐÔ ÞäÕèéê ÐÕ àèÞÖê éÜ ×Õç. ÐÚ ÜâàÙÙààÕ ÙéàÔ ×éÙÑÕê ÑâÙçè ÜÐÕäß ÔÑ×ÙàÔ ÐÝ ÐÛß ÔÕ×ÙÔ Ô×Õç, ÛäÙ éàÙêß ÜÜÞÕÓ ÞÙÙéÕÞÕ ÑÔÞéÚ äáç ÔÓÙß : </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;We do not find any attempted implied ratification of the amendment to ... <u>Its language</u> is prospective only, and not retrospective. Further, as previously noted, <u>the amendment speaks in terms</u> of  .... This distinction reinforces our determination that the amendment did not impliedly ratify ...&quot; (pp. 147). </p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             Þäáç ÔÓÙß âÕÜÔ, ÛÙ Ùé ÜÑ×Õß Ðê ÔêÙçÕß Ü×ÕçÔ, ÐÝ àÙêß ÜÔÑÙß ÞÞàÕ âÜ ê×ÕÜêÕ ÔèØèÕáäçØÙÑÙê, ÐÕ éÞÐ ÔêÛÕÕß ÔÞ×Õçç ÜÙêß ÜÕ èç ê×ÕÜÔ äèÕáäçØÙÑÙê. ÑàÕáã, Ùé ÜÑ×Õß Ðê ÜéÕß Ô×Õç âæÞÕ ÛÛÜÙ äèéàÙ, ÑàÙáÙÕß ÜÓÜÕê ÞÞàÕ ÐÝ Ùé ÑÕ èÞÖ ÜÔ×ÙÙÐÔ éÜ ×çÙçÔ çÕÓÞê, ÔáÕêèê Ðê ÔêÙçÕß Ü×ÕçÔ. ÑàÕÒâ ÜÐÕäß ÑÕ Ùé ÜÑæâ Ðê ÔÔÜÙÚ ÔäèéàÙ ÔÐÞÕè ÛÕêÑ </span><span dir=LTR>Field</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span> (ÑâÞ' 293 ÜáäèÕ Ôà&quot;Ü) : </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;Some writers have sought to explain them (the cases - <span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>Ð.Ò.</span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>) by saying that the element of interpretation, based upon the intention of those framing the constitutional amendment, whether expressed or derived from surrounding circumstances, is decisive&quot;.  </p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÕÞÞéÙÚ ÔÕÐ ÕÞäèØ Ðê ÒÙéêÕ ÑáÕÒÙÙê ÐÕäß ÔäèéàÕê ÔèÐÕÙ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=LTR style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:63.8pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:82.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:ltr; unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span><span dir=LTR></span>&quot;It is submitted that the rule should be that in the absence of evident intent, to revive a prior invalid statute, the statute should be deemed not to have been revived ... The only rule of interpretation which should be stressed here, and which is incorporated in the rule as it is stated above, should be that intention to revive must be expressed in so many words before the courts will consider that result to have been achieved without legislative re-enactment&quot;. </p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞÓÑèÙÝ ÐÜÔ âÕÜÔ ÛÙ ÑÑ×Ùàê äèéàÕêÕ éÜ ÔêÙçÕß Ô×ÕçêÙ Ùé ÜÑ×Õß ÑèÐé ÕÑèÐéÕàÔ Ðê ÛÕÕàê ÔÞ×Õçç, ÑÙß ÐÝ ÖÕ àÒÜÙê ÞäÕèéÕê, ÕÑÙß ÐÝ ÔÙÐ ÞÕáçê Þß ÔàáÙÑÕê, ÐÚ ÛÕÕàÔ ÖÕ, èÐÕÙ ÛÙ êâÕÒß ÑÓèÚ ÛÜéÔÙ ÑäèéàÕê ÞÙÜÕÜÙê éÜ ÔêÙçÕß Ü×ÕçÔ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>31.         ÞÑ×ß ÖÔ ÔÙàÕ ÔÞ×ÞÙè ÑÙÕêè ÜÑ×Ùàê Ô×ÙÙÐê ×çÙçÔ äÕÒâê âÜ ÙÓÙ êÙçÕß ×ÕçêÙ ÔàâéÔ ÑÓÙâÑÓ. ÐÜÐ, éÒÝ ÜäÙ ÞÑ×ß ÖÔ, ÓÙß Ô×çÙçÔ ÔàÓÕàÔ ÑâêÙèÔ ÖÕ ÜÔÞéÙÚ ÕÜâÞÕÓ âÜ ÛàÔ. ÞÜéÕß áâÙã éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, âÜ ÒÜÒÕÜÙ àÕá×Õ ÔéÕàÙÝ, âÕÜÔ ÛÕÕàÔ ÑèÕèÔ éÜ èØèÕáäçØÙÑÙÕê, Ðéè Ùé ÜäèéÔ ÛàÛàáê Ü×èÙÒ âÜÙÕ âÞÓàÕ. ÑÛÚ ÔÕ×ÙÕ áâÙäÙ Ô×Õç Ðéè âÞÓÕ (ÐÝ âÞÓÕ) êçÕäÔ ÞáÕÙÞê ÑàÙÒÕÓ Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ. éêÙ ÔÔÕèÐÕê ÔèÜÑàØÙÕê ÜâàÙÙààÕ (Ðéè ×ÕççÕ ÜÐ×è äçÙâê êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ) Ôàß ÔÕèÐÕê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÑàÕá×ß Þéàê 1996 ÕÞéàê 1998. ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ Þéàê 1996 çÕÑâê, ÛÙ ÔÕèÐÕê Ô×Õç ÔáÕêèÕê &quot;ÙâÞÓÕ ÑêÕçäß âÓ êÕÝ ÐèÑâ éàÙÝ <u>ÞÙÕÝ ê×ÙÜêÕ éÜ ×Õç ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ</u>&quot;. ÞàÕá× Ô×Õç âÕÜÔ Ô×ÜÔ ÞäÕèéê éÜ éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, ÞÙÕÝ ê×ÙÜê Ô×Õç, ÓÔÙÙàÕ ÞÙÕÝ ÙÓÕâ ÑâÑè ÕâÓ ÜÞÕâÓ âêÙÓÙ ÛÜéÔÕ - ÐèÑâ éàÙÝ ÜÐ×è ÞÛß. àÕá× ÖÔ ÞâÙÓ ÜÜÐ áäç âÜ ÛÕÕàÔ èØèÕáäçØÙÑÙê. ×ÙÖÕç ÜÛÕÕàÔ ÖÕ ÞæÕÙ ÑÓÑèÙ ÔÔáÑè ÜêÙçÕß Ô×Õç (Ô&quot;× 2549, Ôêéà&quot;Õ, âÞ' 842) ÞÔÝ àÙêß ÜÜÞÕÓ âÜ ÔÛÕÕàÔ ÜÔ×ÜÔ èØèÕáäçØÙÑÙê éÜ ÔêÙçÕß:</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÞæÑ ×Óé ÖÔ, Ù×Ó âÝ ÔâÙçèÕß ÔäèéàÙ ÔçÑÕâ ÑáÙäÔ éÜ áâÙã 10, Ùé ÑÔÝ ÛÓÙ ÜÔéÙÒ Ðê ÔÞØèÔ éÑÙáÕÓ ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, <u>ÞÑÜÙ ÜÙæÕè ÞæÑ ÑÜêÙ èæÕÙ éÜ ÐÙ ÕÕÓÐÕê ÜÒÑÙ ×çÙçÔ é×ÕççÔ ÜäàÙ é×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ×Õçç ÕÔÒÙâ ÜêÕÓâê ÔæÙÑÕè ÕÔÞ×Õçç</u>&quot;. </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:David'> </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:David'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞéÔÑÙâ ÔÞ×Õçç Ðê èæÕàÕ ÔÞäÕèé, ÜÐ ÜéàÕê ×çÙçÔ é×ÕççÔ ÜäàÙ ×çÙçê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ (ÜÞâØ Þêß äèéàÕê éÕàÔ Ü×çÙçÔ ÖÕ), Ùé ÜÙêß ÞéçÜ ÜÛÕÕàÔ ÖÕ ÑÔÜÙÚ äèéàÕê ÔêÙçÕß. ÜäÙÛÚ, ÓÕÞàÙ ÛÙ êÙçÕß ÖÔ àÛàá ÜÞáÒèê Ô×èÙÒ âÜÙÕ âÞÓàÕ, ÜäÙÕ êÙçÕß ×ÕçÔ ÞÐÕ×è (ÑâàÙÙààÕ: ×Õç ÙáÕÓ), ÙÛÕÜ ÜÔ×ÙÕê ×çÙçÔ èÒÙÜÔ ÔâÕÞÓê ÑáêÙèÔ Ü×ÕçÔ (×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ) âÕÑè ÜêÙçÕàÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>32.         ÒÝ ÔêÙçÕß ÔÐ×èÕß éÜ ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, ÞÙÕÝ 18.3.98, ÔçÕÑâ ÛÙ ÔÔÕèÐÕê ÔáÕêèÕê &quot;ÙâÞÓÕ ÑêÕçäß âÓ ÙÕÝ Ð' ÑàÙáß Ôêéá&quot;Ñ (14 ÑÞèá 2002)&quot; ÐÙàÕ ÞÐäéè äèéàÕê Ð×èê, éÐÙàÔ èØèÕáäçØÙÑÙÕê. äèéàÕê éÕàÔ, ÜäÙÔ ê×ÕÜê ÔÔÕèÐÔ äèÕáäçØÙÑÙê ÑÜÑÓ, êèÕçß Ðê ÔêÙçÕß ÞêÕÛß. éÛß, Ô×ÕçÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ Ü×áÕê ê×ê ÛàäÙ ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ ÑØÜÙÝ ÞÐÜÙÔÝ (ÜäÙ ÓÒÝ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê), ÕÑÐÙß ×çÙçÔ ÔÖçÕçÔ ÜÔÒàê ÔáâÙã âÓ ÜêÐèÙÚ ÔçÑÕâ ÑÕ ÐÙß êÕâÜê ÑêÙçÕß. ×ÙÖÕç ÜäèéàÕê ÖÕ àÙêß ÜÞæÕÐ ÑÓÑèÙ ÔÔáÑè ÜêÙçÕß Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ (Ô&quot;× 2692, Ôêéà&quot;×, âÞ' 264) ÑÔÝ àÐÞè ÛÙ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;Ðéè âÜ Ûß, ÕâÜ Þàê ÜçÑÕâ ÐÞê ÞÙÓÔ Ð×ÙÓÔ Ñ×ÕçÙ ÔÙáÕÓ ÞÕæâ ÜçÑÕâ ÔÕèÐÔ éÜ 'éÞÙèê ÓÙàÙÝ' ÒÝ Ñ×Õç ÙáÕÓ : ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, <u>ÕÜäÙÔ êÕçäÕ éÜ ÔÓÙß ÔçÕÓÝ ÙÞéÙÚ ÜÔÙéÞè</u>&quot;. </span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÜäÙÛÚ, ÒÝ ÐÝ ÙÐÕÞå ÔÞÕÓÜ ÔçÙæÕàÙ, ÔÕÐ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, Ù×Ó âÝ ÔÒÙéÔ ÔÞ×ÞÙèÔ ÑáÕÒÙÙê Ô×ÙÙÐê ×ÕçÙÝ ÜÐ ×ÕçêÙÙÝ âÜ-ÙÓÙ êÙçÕß Ô×ÕçÔ (×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ), ÙÙÛàá ÒÝ ÔêÙçÕß ÔÐ×èÕß Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÜÞáÒèê Ô×èÙÒ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>33.         ÔÒÙéÔ ÔÞêÕÐèê ÜâÙÜ ÔÙàÔ ÔçÙæÕàÙê ÕÔ×èÙäÔ, ÛéÜæÙÓÔ çÙÙÞê ÑÞéäØ ÔÐÞèÙçÐÙ ÒÙéÔ ÞèÕÛÛê (éÐÙàÙ èÕÐÔ æÕèÚ Üàê×Ô), ÜäÙÔ ÙÛÕÜ êÙçÕß ×ÕçêÙ ÜÔ×ÙÕê ×çÙçÔ Ðéè ÔÙÙêÔ ÑØÜÔ, ÛêÕæÐÔ ÞÛÚ éáêèÔ Ðê Ô×ÕçÔ, âÕÑè ÜÔÛàáê ÔêÙçÕß [èÐÕ : </span><span dir=LTR>State ex. Rel. Hoffman v. Powel, 118 Fla. 296, 159 So. 508 (1935) ; Hammond v. Clark, 136 Ga. 313, 71 S.E. 479 (1911) ; Fontenot v. Young, 128 La. 20, 54 So. 408 (1911) ; Housh v. Anderson, 128 Fla. 713, 175 So. 521 (1937) </span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>]. ÒÙéÔ ÓÕÞÔ ÞÐÞå äèÕä' Ñèç ÑáäèÕ (éÝ âÞ' 754-753) ÜäÙÔ:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;ÕÞÔ ÔÓÙß ÐÝ âàÙÙàÕ éÜ ×Õç äÜÕàÙ ÜÐ ÔÒÙâ ÛÜÜ ÜÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÑØèÝ ÑÐ ÔéÙàÕÙ Ô×ÕçêÙ, ÕéÐÜê ×ÕçêÙÕêÕ ÞêâÕèèê ÜèÐéÕàÔ ÜÐ×è ÔêÙçÕß Ô×ÕçêÙ?  ... ÓÕÞÔ éäêèÕß ÔéÐÜÔ ÞÕêàÔ ÑÙ×á ÑÙß ÔÒÕã éâèÚ Ðê ÔéÙàÕÙ Ô×ÕçêÙ ÜÑÙß ÔÒÕã ÔÞ×Õçç. ÐÝ ÐÜÔ éàÙ ÒÕäÙÝ éÕàÙÝ, ÛÙ ÐÖ àÕØÔ ÐàÙ ÜÔéçäÔ ÛÙ ÜÐ ÓÙ ÑéÙàÕÙ Ô×ÕçêÙ ÛÓÙ ÜÔÛéÙè Ðê Ô×çÙçÔ ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙê. Ùé Ü×ÖÕè ÕÜ×Õçç ÐÕêÔ. <u>ÜâÕÞê ÖÐê, ÐÝ ÔÒÕã Ðéè ÔÑÙÐ ÜéÙàÕÙ Ô×ÕçêÙ ÕÔÒÕã ÔÞ×Õçç ÔÝ ÐÕêÕ ÒÕã - ÐæÜàÕ : ÔÛàáê - ÛÙ ÐÖ ÓèÙéÔ éÜ ×ÖèÔ âÜ Ô×çÙçÔ àèÐÙê ÜÙ ÓèÙéÔ âçèÔ</u>&quot;. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>34.         áÑÕèàÙ, ÛÙ ÒÝ ÙÙéÕÝ ÔÞÕÓÜ ÔçàÓÙ, ÙÕÑÙÜ ÜÞáçàÔ ÛÙ ÔÞçèÔ ÔàÓÕß ÙÙÛàá Ü×èÙÒ éÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê. ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÔâÜÙÕß ÑçàÓÔ èÐÔ ÜàÛÕß Ü×èÕÒ ÞÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÑÞçèÙÝ ÑÔÝ âÜÕÜ ÜÔÙäÒâ éÜØÕß Ô×Õç ÛêÕæÐÔ ÞÔ×Üê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê. ÔÛèÖÔ ÛÞÑÕçé ÑâêÙèÔ ÖÕ, Ðéè ÞéêÞâ ÞÞàÔ, ÛÙ ÛÜ Ô×ÕçÙÝ ÔàÞæÐÙÝ Ñáäè Ô×ÕçÙÝ, Ðéè äÕÒâÙÝ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÑØÜÙÝ ÞÐÜÙÔÝ, âÜÕÜÔ ÜÒèÕÝ êÕæÐÕê çéÕê. ÔÛèÖÔ Ðéè ÛÖÐê êÒèÕè ÑØÜÕê ÞÐÜÙÔ éÜ ÛÜ ÔáÓèÙ ÔèÙéÕÙ ÔÞáÓÙèÙÝ Ðê ÔâÙáÕç ÑÞçæÕâÕê éÕàÙÝ, ÕÑØÜÕê ÛÜ áâÙäÙ Ô×Õç ÕÔêçàÕê ÔÞÒÑÙÜÙÝ Ðê ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÕÞÛÐß ÜäÒÙâÔ ×ÞÕèÔ ÑÕÕÓÐÕê Ô×Õç, Ðéè ÔÞ×Õçç (Ñ×çÙçê ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ) èÐÔ ÜàÛÕß ÜÔÙÞàâ ÞÞàÔ ÑáÙÙÒÕ ÑÐÕäß ÞäÕèé Ðê ê×ÕÜê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>äçÕÓê ÔâÙêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜÐÕè ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ÕÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>35.         ÜÒÙéê äèÕä' Ñèç (éÝ ÑâÞ' 724), &quot;ÔéÕàÙ ÑÙß ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê ÜÑÙß ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ÐÙàÕ ÒÓÕÜ, ÕÔÕÐ ÑÐ ÜÙÓÙ ÑÙØÕÙ ÑÞçèÙÝ éÕÜÙÙÝ éÐÙàÝ ÞæÙÐÕêÙÙÝ&quot;. Ûß ÔÕÐ áÕçè (ÑâÞ' 770) Ðê ÔÙçã ÔáâÓÙÝ ÔàêÕàÙÝ ÜÑÙê ÔÞéäØ:</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:53.95pt; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-53.95pt'><span lang=HE style='font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:53.95pt; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-53.95pt'><span lang=HE style='font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=5 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&quot;âçèÕàÙê, âÕÞÓÙÝ ÜèéÕê ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ éÜÕéÔ áÕÒÙÝ éÜ áâÓÙÝ : ÔáÕÒ <b>ÔèÐéÕß</b> ÔÕÐ éÜ áâÓÙÝ Ðéè àÕâÓÕ ÜÔÑÙÐ ÜÙÓÙ ÛÚ éÔ×Õç ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ ÙäâÜ ÑÐÕäß ×ÕçêÙ. Ôè×Ñê ÔÙçäÕ éÜ ÓÑè Ô×çÙçÔ (Ô - </span><span dir=LTR>reading in</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>) ÔÙÐ êèÕäÔ èÐÕÙÔ. ÛÞÕ Ûß, ÔÛèÖÔ ÛÙ Ô×Õç 'âÓÙÙß' ×ÕçêÙ Ðã ÔÙÐ àÛÜÜê ÑçÑÕæê áâÓÙÝ ÖÕ. ÔáÕÒ <b>ÔéàÙ</b> éÜ áâÓÙÝ ÞÑÕáá âÜ ÔÔà×Ô ÛÙ Ô×Õç ÐÙàÕ ×ÕçêÙ ÞÑÜÙ éÔÓÑè ÒÕèè ÔÛèÖê ÑØÜÕê. ÑÞèÛÖÝ éÜ áâÓÙÝ ÐÜÔ âÕÞÓê ÔÛèÖê ÐÙ Ô×ÕçêÙÕê ÜÜÐ êÕæÐê ÔÑØÜÕê. ÔáÕÒ <b>ÔéÜÙéÙ</b> ÕÔâéÙè ÑÙÕêè ÞêÙÙ×á ÜáâÓÙÝ, ÔÞÛèÙÖÙÝ âÜ ÓÑè Ô×çÙçÔ ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ ÛÑØÜ, êÕÚ ÔäèÓê Ô×Üç Ô×ÕçêÙ ÞÔ×Üç ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙ. ÑÞáÒèêÔ éÜ çÑÕæÔ éÜÙéÙê ÖÕ éÜ áâÓÙÝ (ÔÛèÖê ÑØÜÕê) çÙÙÞÕê ÐäéèÕÙÕê éÕàÕê, ÔçéÕèÕê èÕÑß ÛÛÕÜß ÑéÐÜÔ ÐÝ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙÐ ÜÞäèâ (</span><span dir=LTR>ex tunc</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>), Þâê ÔÔÛèÖÔ (</span><span dir=LTR>ex nunc</span><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'><span dir=RTL></span><span dir=RTL></span>), ÐÕ ÑêÐèÙÚ âêÙÓÙ (ÑØÜÕê äèÕáäçØÙÑÙê). ÔÔÛèÖÔ ÙÛÕÜÔ ÜÑØÜ Ðê ÔÔÕèÐÔ ÞÙÕÝ ×çÙçêÔ, ÞÙÕÝ ÛÙàÕàÔ éÜ Ô×ÕçÔ, ÞÞÕâÓ ÔÔÛèÖÔ ÐÕ ÞÛÜ ÞÕâÓ Ð×è (ÑâÑè ÐÕ ÑâêÙÓ). Ôê×ÕÜÔ ÑÖÞß éÜ ÔÔÛèÖÔ àêÕàÔ ÜéÙçÕÜ Óâê éÙäÕØÙ. ÐÝ ÔÔÛèÖÔ âÜ ÔÑØÜÕê äÕâÜê, ÞÑ×Ùàê ÔÖÞß, ÜÞäèâ ÞÙÕÝ Ô×çÙçÔ, Ùé ÜâæÑ áâÓÙÝ ÑÛÜ ÔàÕÒâ ÜâàÙÙàÙÝ éÛÑè àáêÙÙÞÕ, ÑÙß ÐÝ ÔÝ ÔÒÙâÕ ÜÑÙê ÔÞéäØ (ÑÞáÒèê áÕÒÙÙê 'ÞâéÔ ÑÙê ÓÙß') ÕÑÙß ÐÝ ÜÐÕ&quot; (ÔÔÓÒéÕê ÑÞçÕè - Ð.Ò.). </span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:14.2pt;text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%'><span lang=HE style='line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>36.         ÔÞçèÔ éÜäàÙàÕ ÐÙàÕ àÞàÔ âÝ ÔÞçèÙÝ ÑÔÝ ÙÔÙÔ éÕàÙ ÑÙÙéÕÝ éàÙ ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ, ÕâÜ äÙ ÛÜ Ð×Ó ÞÔÝ ÐÙß ÞçÕÝ ÜÔÛèÙÖ âÜ Ô×ÙçÕçÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ ÛÑØÜÙÝ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê</span></b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'> ÙÕæÐ ÞàçÕÓê Ôà×Ô ÛÙ Ô×Õç é×Õçç âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÔÛàáê êçã, ÐÚ ÔÕÐ àÙêß ÜÑÙØÕÜ âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ. çÑÙâê êÕæÐÕê ÔÑÙØÕÜ àêÕàÔ Ðã ÔÙÐ ÑÙÓÙ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ. ÛÕÕàê ÔÞ×Õçç ÔÞäÕèéê ÑâàÙÙààÕ ÔÙÙêÔ ÜÔÐèÙÚ Ðê êçÕäê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ. ÜÐÕè àçÕÓê ÔÞÕæÐ éÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ ÛÙ Ô×Õç êçã, ÔÙÔ âÜ ÔâÕêèê ÜÔèÐÕê ØâÝ èÐÕÙ ÜÞáçàÔ ÔäÕÛÔ, ÕØâÝ ÛÖÔ ÐÙàÕ ÑàÞæÐ, ÞÜÑÓ ÔâÕÑÓÔ ÛÙ ÔÞ×Õçç ÔêèéÜ, Õ×èÒ Þß ÔÞÕâÓÙÝ ÜÔÐèÛê ÔÕèÐÕê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ. ÐÕáÙã, ÛÙ ÒÝ ÐÝ ÔÙÔ ÞçÕÝ Ü×èÕÒ ÞÔà×ê ÔÞÕæÐ ÔÐÞÕèÔ, àÛÕß ÔÙÔ ÜçÑÕâ ÛÙ ÔáâÓ  ÔÙàÕ ÖÔ éÞÑÙÐ ÜÙÓÙ ÛÚ éÔ×ÙçÕçÙÝ ÔÜÐ ×ÕçêÙÙÝ ÙäâÜÕ ÑÐÕäß ×ÕçêÙ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>37.         àçÕÓê ÔÞÕæÐ éÜ <b>ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê</b> éÕàÔ ÞÖÕ éÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê. ÑâÕÓ éÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê ÞàÙ× ÞÜÛê×ÙÜÔ Ðê êçÙàÕê Ô×Õç, ÑÕÓç ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ÛÜ ÞçèÔ ÜÒÕäÕ, ÕÑÕ×ß Ðê ÞÔÕê ÐÙ Ô×ÕçêÙÕê ÑàáÙÑÕê ÔâàÙÙß. ÐÛß, ÔÙÙêÔ èéÜàÕê ÑäâÕÜê ÔÞ×Õçç, ÕÞéÚ éàÙ äèçÙ ÖÞß âÞÓÕ Ô×ÙçÕçÙÝ ÔàÑ×àÙÝ (âÜ äÙ ÔÔà×Ô) ÑáêÙèÔ Ü×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÐÚ âÓÙÙß ÞÕØÜ âÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÜÑ×Õß Ðê ÔÞçèÔ ÜÒÕäÕ ÕÜÑ×Õè ÑáâÓ ÔèÐÕÙ. ÞÛÐß, éÐã ÐÝ ÔÙÔ ÞçÕÝ ÜÞáçàÔ ÛÙ ÔÙÙêÔ äÒÙâÔ ×ÕçêÙê, ÔèÙ éÑÛÜ ÞçèÔ, ÕÜÐÕè àáÙÑÕê ÔÞçèÔ, ÔÙÔ ÞçÕÝ ÜÑ×Õè áâÓ Ðéè ÙÑÙÐ ÜÛÚ, éÔ×çÙçÔ ÔàÓÕàÔ êäâÜ ÑÐÕäß ×ÕçêÙ. ÐÜÐ éÑÞçèÔ Óàß ÒÝ áâÓ ÖÔ ÞÙÕêè, ÛéÐÙß ÞçÕÝ ÜÔ×ÙÜ áâÓ ÖÔ Ðéè ÛÑè àÙêß âÜ-ÙÓÙ ÔÞ×Õçç. ÞçÕÝ ÑÕ çÑâ ÔÞ×Õçç ÞäÕèéÕê ÑÐÞæâÕê êÙçÕß áâÙã éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ Ñ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ, ÛÙ àéÞè êÕçäÔ éÜ Ô×çÙçÔ ÔÙéàÔ ÔáÕêèê Ðê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ ÕÛÙ Ô×Õç ÔÙàÕ ×ÕçêÙ, ÞÔ ØâÝ Ùé ÑÞêß áâÓ ÛÖÔ âÜ-ÙÓÙ éÜ ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ? ÔæÔèê êÕçã Ðéè êÙàêß, ÐÙàÔ âÓÙäÔ âÜ-äàÙ ÔæÔèê êÕçã ÞäÕèéê ÞØâÝ ÔÞ×Õçç, ÑêçàÕ Ðê ×Õç ÔÙáÕÓ. áâÓ ÞâÙß ÖÔ ÙÔÙÔ ÞÙÕêè ÕÜÐ à×Õå ÐÜ ÞÕÜ ÔÑâê ÔèæÕß ÔÞäÕèéê éÜ ÔÞ×Õçç.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>áÙÛÕÞÕ éÜ ÓÑè</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>38.         Ñ×Ùàê ÔÞæÑ Ô×ÕçêÙ ÔàÓÕß ÑÔêÐÝ ÜéÜÕéê ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔâÙçèÙÙÝ ÜÑ×Ùàê ÑØÜÕê ×çÙçÔ ÛêÕæÐÔ ÞÔÙÕêÔ áÕêèê ×Õç ÙáÕÓ, ÞÕÑÙÜÔ ÜÞáçàÔ ÖÔÔ. Ô×çÙçÔ ÔàÓÕàÔ àÛàáê Ü×èÙÒÙÝ ÔÞÕÛèÙÝ éÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÕÒÝ âÜ äÙ éàÙ ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐ×èÙÝ (àäáÓÕê ÕÑØÜÕê Ù×áÙê) ÐÙß ÞçÕÝ ÜçÑÙâÔ ÛÙ Ô×çÙçÔ ÑØÜÔ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             Ôà×ê ÔâÑÕÓÔ ÑÑ×Ùàê ÔáÕÒÙÙÔ ÔÐÞÕèÔ ÔÙÙêÔ, ÛÙ Ô×çÙçÔ ÔàÑ×àê ÐÞàÝ äÕÒâê Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÐÕÜÝ ÜÐÕè ÔêÕæÐÔ ÐÜÙÔ ÔÒâêÙ ÛÙ ÓÙß Ô×çÙçÔ ÔàÓÕàÔ ÜÔÙéÐè ÑêÕçäÔ, ÐÙàÙ èÕÐÔ æÕèÚ ÜÑ×Õß Ðê Ô×çÙçÔ ÜÒÕäÔ, ÕÐÝ ÐÛß ÔÙÐ äÕÒâê ÑÖÛÕê Ü×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>39.         ÞÔØâÞÙÝ ÔÐÞÕèÙÝ ÓÙß ÔâêÙèÔ ÜÔÙÓ×Õê. ÐÙß æÕ ÜÔÕæÐÕê.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>                                                                                         é Õ ä Ø</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='text-align:center'><span lang=HE style='font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='text-align:center'><b><span lang=HE style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:David'>&nbsp;</span></b></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><b><u><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔéÕäØ Ù' ÖÞÙè</span></u></b><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:DavidFix'>:</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÐàÙ ÞáÛÙÝ âÝ ÔéÕäØ ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ ÛÙ äçÕÓê ÔâêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜêçàÕê ÔÔÒàÔ (éâê ×ÙèÕÝ), 1945, âÓÙÙß çÙÙÞÕê ÕêçäÕê, ÑàÙÒÕÓ ÜÓâê ÔâÕêèê. Ôß çÙÙÞÕê ÕêçäÕê ÒÝ ÐÝ Ôß àÕÒÓÕê Ðê ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÕÐã ÐÝ ÐÙß Ôß âÕÞÓÕê ÑêàÐÙÝ éÜ áâÙã 4 (äÙáçê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ) Ñ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ: ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÕÖÐê ÞÛÕ× áâÙã 10 (ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ) Ñ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ ÖÔ. Ðã éäçÕÓê ÔâêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜêçàÕê ÔÔÒàÔ âÞÓÕ ÖÞß ÞÔ ×éÕäÕê, ÜÜÐ ÔÒàÔ éÜ ÔÕèÐê éÙÞÕè ÔÓÙàÙÝ, ÑÐÔ ÔÕèÐÔ ÖÐê, ÜÐ×è ÖÞß, ÕéÙÞèÔ ÐÕêß ÛäÙ éÔß ÜÞäèâ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÛÞÕ Ûß ÐàÙ ÞáÛÙÝ âÝ ÔéÕäØ ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ ÛÙ êÕæÐÔ ÖÐê Þê×ÙÙÑê ÜäÙ ÛÜ Ð×Ó ÞéÜÕéê ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐäéèÙÙÝ: ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê ÕÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê. ÜÛß, ÛÓÑèÙ ÔéÕäØ ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ, ÐÙß ÔÛè× ÜÑ×Õè, ÑÞçèÔ éÜäàÙàÕ, ÑÙß ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔéÕàÙÝ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             âÝ ÖÐê, ÐàÙ ÞÑçé ÜÔÑÙâ ÓâêÙ ÛÙ èÐÕÙ ÜÔâÓÙã, ÑÙß éÜÕéê ÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐäéèÙÙÝ, Ðê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê. ÖÕÔÙ ÒÝ ÓâêÕ éÜ äèÕä' Ð' Ñèç, <u>äèéàÕê ÑÞéäØ</u>, ÛèÚ éÜÙéÙ: äèéàÕê ×ÕçêÙê (1994), 726-724. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÛäÙ éÔéÕäØ ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ ÔèÐÔ, ÔäáÙçÔ ÑÐèæÕê ÔÑèÙê ÕÔäáÙçÔ ÑçàÓÔ ÔáêÑÛÕ ÑéÐÜê ÔÞÕÓÜ ÔèÐÕÙ éÜÐ ÜæÕèÚ ÕÜÐ ÜØÕÑÔ. Ôß èÐÕ âæÞß àÐÜæÕê, ÜäÙ êÕèê ÔäèéàÕê, ÜÑ×Õè ÑÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÕÐ×è ÛÚ èÐÕ âæÞß àÐÜæÕê, ÑéÜ Ü×å ÔÞæÙÐÕê, Ü×èÕÒ ÞÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ. ÑâæÝ, Ôß àÕÔÒÕê ÑÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ÛÐÙÜÕ ÔÕÐ ÔÙÓÕâÔ ÑæÙÑÕè: ÑÐÕäß èéÞÙ Ôß àéÕÐÕê ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÐÚ ÑÐÕäß ÞâéÙ Ôß ×ÙÕê âÝ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê. ÐÙß æÕèÚ ÕÐÙß ØâÝ éÒÝ Ðà×àÕ àáêÑÚ ÑÓèÚ ÓÕÞÔ. ÞÕØÑ éàÑ×è ÞÜÛê×ÙÜÔ, ÑÐÕäß ÒÜÕÙ ÕèéÞÙ, ÑÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÜäÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÐÝ çÙÙÝ àÙÒÕÓ ÑÙß ×Õç ÜÑÙß ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ, Ô×Õç ÑØÜ ÞÙáÕÓÕ, ÑÐÕäß ÐÕØÕÞØÙ, ÜÞäèâ ÞÙÕÝ éà×çç, ÒÝ ÐÝ ÔàÙÒÕÓ ÜÐ àêÒÜÔ ÐÜÐ ÛâÑÕè éàÙÝ, ÜÐ×è éÔÛÜ àÔÒÕ âÜ äÙÕ ÛÐÙÜÕ ÔÕÐ ×Õç Ûéè Õêçã. ÐÛß, ÖÔÕ ÞÕÓÜ ÙäÔ ÞÑ×ÙàÔ ÔÒÙÕàÙê. ÐÚ Ðê ×ÙÙ ÔÞéäØ ÞâæÑ ÑâÙçè, ÜÐ ÔÔÒÙÕß, ÐÜÐ ÔàáÙÕß. ÔàáÙÕß éÜ ÐèÔ&quot;Ñ ÕçàÓÔ ÞÜÞÓ ÛÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, ÑÔÙÕêÕ àÕçéÔ Õ×Ó, ÔÕÐ ÞÕÓÜ ÑÜêÙ-ÐäéèÙ, ÐÝ ÞêÙÙ×áÙÝ ÐÜÙÕ ÑÛàÕê. ÔÕÐ Þâèâè Ðê ÔÑØ×Õß ÔÞéäØÙ. ÔÕÐ ÙÛÕÜ ÜÔèÕá Ðê ÔáÓè Ô×ÑèêÙ. ÞÑ×ÙàÔ ÞâéÙê, ÐÙ-Ðäéè Ü×ÙÕê âÝ ÞÕÓÜ ÛÖÔ, ÙäÔ ÛÛÜ éÙÔÙÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÔÞçèÔ éÜäàÙàÕ ÔÕÐ ÓÕÒÞÔ ÞÐÜäê. ÐÝ ÔâÕêèÙÝ æÕÓçÙÝ ÑØâàêÝ, ÜÐ èç äçÕÓê ÔâêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜêçàÕê ÔÔÒàÔ ÑØÜÕê ÑéÜ äÒÙâÔ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÐÜÐ ÒÝ Þáäè âæÕÝ ÕèÑ éÜ ×ÕçÙÝ, êçàÕê ÕæÕÕÙÝ ÜÞÙàÙÔÝ. ÜÞéÜ, ÔÞéç ÑÙéèÐÜ ÑàÕÙ ÑÞÙÓÔ èÑÔ âÜ ×Õç ÔäÙçÕ× âÜ ÞæèÛÙÝ ÕéÙèÕêÙÝ, ÔêéÙ&quot;×1957-, ÕâÜ ÞÐÕê æÕÕÙÝ éÔÕæÐÕ ÞÛÕ× ×Õç ÖÔ. ÐÜÕ æÕÕÙÝ ÑØÜÙÝ, ÞéÕÝ éÔÝ äÕÒâÙÝ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç, ÕÐÜÕ âÓÙÙß êçäÙÝ, ÐÝ ÞéÕÝ éÐÙàÝ äÕÒâÙÝ Ñ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç ÕÐÝ ÞéÕÝ éÔÝ âÕÞÓÙÝ ÑêàÐÙÝ éÜ äÙáçê ÔÔÒÑÜÔ? ÜÐ ÖÕ ÑÜÑÓ éÐÙé ÐÙàÕ ÙÛÕÜ ÜÔéÙÑ âÜ ÛÚ, ÕÐÙé ÜÐ ÙÓâ ÐÙÚ ÜàÔÕÒ ÑâáçÕ, ÐÜÐ éÔÑÙèÕè éÜ éÐÜÔ ÖÐê, ÔÙÐ ÜÑÓÔ, ÙáäÙç ÛÓÙ ÜÔâáÙç Ðê ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ âÓ éÙÑÕÐ ÐÜÙÔÕ. ÞæÑ ÛÖÔ ÔÕÐ, ÑÑÙèÕè, ÒÖÙèÔ éÔæÙÑÕè ÐÙàÕ ÙÛÕÜ ÜâÞÕÓ ÑÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÜâÕÞê ÖÐê, ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ÔÕÐ ÞÕÓÜ ÒÞÙé. ÔÕÐ ÞÐäéè ÜÑ×Õè, ÑÛÜ ÞçèÔ ÕÞçèÔ, ÑêÕæÐÔ ÔÞêÐÙÞÔ ÑÙÕêè ÜàáÙÑÕê ÔÞçèÔ, ÞÑØÜÕê ÞÕ×ÜØê ÕâÓ êÕçã ÞÜÐ. ÛÙÕÕß éÔÕÐ ÒÞÙé ÛÜ ÛÚ, ÔÕÐ ÑÕÜâ ÑçèÑÕ, ÞÑ×ÙàÔ ÞâéÙê, ÒÝ Ðê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÕÐê ÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê. ÔÕÐ ÞÐäéè ÜÔéêÞé ÑÖÔ ÐÕ ÑÖÔ, ÐÕ ÜÐ ÑÖÔ ÕÜÐ ÑÖÔ, ÜäÙ ÔæÕèÚ. ÑÞçèÙÝ çÙæÕàÙÙÝ ÑÙÕêè, ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ÞÐäéè ÜçÑÕâ ÛÙ ×Õç, ÔàÕÒÓ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ, ÑØÜ ÞÙáÕÓÕ ÜÞäèâ. ÛÚ, ÜÓÕÒÞÔ, ÛÐéè ÞáÞÚ ÞêÙÙÞè ÜÔÙÕê ×Õç ÐÚ ÞêÑèè ÛÙ ÔÕÐ ÜÐ âÑè éÜÕé çèÙÐÕê ÑÛàáê, ÐÕ ÛÐéè ×Õç äÕÒâ ÑÖÛÕê ÙáÕÓ ÑÐÕäß ×ÞÕè, ÞâÕÕê ÕÑÕÜØ ÛÜ ÛÚ éÒÝ ÔÓÙÕØ ÙÑÙß é×Õç ÛÖÔ ÐÙàÕ ×Õç. ÐÚ, ÞÑ×ÙàÔ ÞâéÙê, çéÔ ÜêÐè, ÑÞæÙÐÕê éÜàÕ, ÞçèÙÝ ÛÐÜÔ. ÑÓèÚ ÛÜÜ, Ô×Õç ÙÔÙÔ êçã ÕÞ×ÙÙÑ âÓ éÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÙäáÕç Ð×èê: éÕÝ ÐÓÝ ÐÙàÕ èéÐÙ ÜâéÕê ÓÙß ÜâæÞÕ, ÕÜäØÕè âæÞÕ ÞâÕÜÕ éÜ ×Õç, èç ÞéÕÝ éÜÓâêÕ Ô×Õç àÕÒÓ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ. ÐÝ ÕÛÐéè ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÙäáÕç é×Õç àÕÒÓ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ, ÔÕÐ ÙÔÙÔ èéÐÙ ÜÔæÔÙè ÛÙ Ô×Õç ÑØÜ, ÕÜçÑÕâ ÐÝ ÔÑØÜÕê êÔÙÔ èØèÕÐçØÙÑÙê, ÕÜÐ ÑÔÛè× ÞÙÕÝ ×çÙçê Ô×Õç, ÐçØÙÑÙê ÐÕ äèÕáäçØÙÑÙê ÞÞÕâÓ éÙÙçÑâ, ÔÛÜ ÜäÙ àáÙÑÕê ÔÞçèÔ. ÑÙê ÔÞéäØ ÙÔÙÔ èéÐÙ Ðã ÜäáÕç ÛÙ ÑàáÙÑÕê ÔÞçèÔ Ô×Õç, Ðã éÔÕÐ àÕÒÓ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ, ÙâÞÕÓ ÑêÕçäÕ, ÑêàÐÙÝ éÙÙçÑâÕ ÐÕ ÜÜÐ êàÐÙÝ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê Ó×ç ÜÐ×èÕàÔ Ðê èÒÜÙÔÝ éÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê ÕÞÕÓÜ ÔàäáÓÕê Þê×ÕÝ ÓÙàÙ ÔÞÙàÔÜ ÔæÙÑÕèÙ. Ñê×ÕÝ ÖÔ àäáç ÛÙ Ùé ÜÔÑ×Ùß, ÜæÕèÚ Ô×ÜØÔ ÑéÐÜê ÔêÕçã éÜ êçàÕê ÕÔ×ÜØÕê ÞÙàÔÜÙÕê, ÑÙß ÔäÒÝ ÜÑÙß ÔáâÓ. ÜäÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÞÕ×ÜØê, äÒÝ éÜ ×Õáè áÞÛÕê ÔÙÔ ÒÕèè áâÓ éÜ ÑØÜÕê. ÕÐÙÜÕ ÜäÙ ÞÕÓÜ  ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê, äÒÝ éÜ ×Õáè áÞÛÕê ÙÛÕÜ ÜÔÕÑÙÜ ÜáâÓ éÜ ÑØÜÕê, ÐÚ ÜÐ ÑÔÛè× ÛÚ. ÔÛÜ êÜÕÙ ÑàáÙÑÕê ÔÞçèÔ: ÔæÓÓÙÝ, ÔâÙêÕÙ, Ô×ÕÞèÔ, ÔàäçÕê, ÕâÕÓ. èÐÕ, ÜÓÕÒÞÔ, â&quot;ä 866/95 <u>áÕáß à' ÞÓÙàê ÙéèÐÜ</u>, ä&quot;Ó à(1) 793, 817-815. ÐÙß áÙÑÔ ÔÒÙÕàÙê éêÕèê ÔÞéäØ êâéÔ ÔÑÓÜ, ÜâàÙÙß ÖÔ, ÑÙß àÕèÞÕê ÞéäØÙÕê ÜäÙ ÓèÒêß: éêÕèê ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ê×ÕÜ âÜ  êçàÔ ÐÕ Ô×ÜØÔ ÞÙàÔÜÙê ÔàÕÒÓê ×Õç, ÕÐÙÜÕ êÕèÔ Ð×èê ê×ÕÜ âÜ ×Õç ÔàÕÒÓ ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ. ÔÔèÞÕàÙÔ ÔÞéäØÙê, éÔÙÐ âèÚ ×éÕÑ, Þ×ÙÙÑê éêÕèê ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê ê×ÕÜ âÜ ÛÜ ÔàÕèÞÕê ÔÞéäØÙÕê. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             Ñ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ: ÛÑÕÓ ÔÐÓÝ Õ×ÙèÕêÕ ÕÑ×Õç-ÙáÕÓ: ×Õäé ÔâÙáÕç ÐÙß ÓÑè ÐÕ ×æÙ ÓÑè ÔÞÕàâ ÑâÓàÕ ÜÑ×Õè ÑÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê. ÐàÙ áÕÑè éÛÚ èÐÕÙ ÜÑ×Õè. ÛÚ áÑÕè ÒÝ ÔÞéÙÑ. ÐäÙÜÕ ÔâÕêèê ÞáÛÙÞÔ ÛÙ èÐÕÙ ÜÔâÓÙã Ðê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê. ÐÕÜÝ, ÜÓâê ÔâÕêèê, ÜäÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ Ùé ÜäáÕç ÛÙ äçÕÓê ÔâêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜêçàÕê ÔÔÒàÔ ÑØÜÕê ÕÞÑÕØÜÕê. ÜÛÚ ÐÙß ÐàÙ ÞáÛÙÝ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÐàÙ ÞáÛÙÝ âÝ ÔéÕäØ ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ ÛÙ ÜäÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê Ùé ÜÓ×Õê Ðê ÔâêÙèÔ, ÕÔÙÙêÙ ÞÑáá Ðê äáç ÔÓÙß, ÔçÕÑâ ÖÐê, èç âÜ ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ. </span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>                                                                                                               é Õ ä Ø</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>ÔéÕäØê Ó' ÑÙàÙé:</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞáÛÙÞÔ ÐàÙ âÝ ÞáçàêÕ éÜ ÔéÕäØ ÒÕÜÓÑèÒ ÑÓÑè êçäÕêß éÜ ÔÕèÐÕê äçÕÓê ÔâêÕàÕê ÕêçàÔ 94 ÜêçàÕê ÔÔÒàÔ (éâê ×ÙèÕÝ), 1945, ÕÞáÛÙÞÔ ÐàÙ ÜàêÕ×Õ, ÜäÙÕ ÓÙß ÔâêÙèÔ ÜÔÓ×Õê ÜäÙ ÛÜ Ð×Ó ÞÔ ÞÔÞÕÓÜÙÝ ÔÐäéèÙÙÝ. ÞØâÝ ÖÔ ÐÙß ÔâàÙß éÜäàÙàÕ Þ×ÙÙÑ ÔÛèâÔ ÑéÐÜÔ ÞÔÕ ÔÞÕÓÜ ÔÞÕâÓã.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ×ÑèÙ ÔéÕäØ ÖÞÙè èÐÔ ÜÔÑÙâ ÓâêÕ ÛÙ Ùé Üêê âÓÙäÕê ÜÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê Ðéè çàÔ ÜÕ éÑÙêÔ ÑéÙØêàÕ ÑÓÙàÙ ÔÞàÔÜ ÔæÙÑÕèÙ (âÞÓêÙ âÜ ÛÚ ÑÑÒ&quot;å 816/98 <u>èÕÕ× à' éè ÔÓêÕê</u> (ØèÝ äÕèáÝ)).</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞéàçØ ÔéÕäØ ÖÞÙè âÞÓÔ ÑéÐÜÔ ÖÕ, ÐÙàÙ èÕÐÔ âæÞÙ äØÕèÔ ÞÜÔêÙÙ×á ÜÓÑèÙÝ ÕÜÔÕáÙã ÛÙ ÞæØèäê ÐàÙ ÜÓâêÕ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             Ðã ÐàÙ áÑÕèÔ ÛÙ ÔàÙÞÕçÙÝ ÔÞæÓÙçÙÝ ÔâÓäê ÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê Ñê×ÕÝ ÔÑÙçÕèê ÔéÙäÕØÙê âÜ ÔÞàÔÜ àÛÕàÙÝ éÑâêÙÙÝ ÛéÐàÕ ÞæÕÙÙÝ Ñê×ÕÝ Ô×ÕçêÙ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÔéÙÞÕé ÑÞÕÓÜ ÔÑØÜÕê ÔÙ×áÙê, Ùé ÑÕ ÑÞÙÓÔ èÑÔ ÛÓÙ ÜÔÕæÙÐ Ðê ÔâÕçå ÞÔÑâÙêÙÕê ÕÔÞÕèÛÑÕê ÔÛèÕÛÙÝ ÑçÑÙâÔ ÛÙ ×Õç àÕÒÓ ×Õç ÙáÕÓ. ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ ÞÐäéè ÔêÐÞê ÔêÕæÐÔ ÔÞêÑçéê ÞÔçÑÙâÔ ÔÐÞÕèÔ ÜØÙÑÔ éÜ ÐÙ Ô×ÕçÙÕê ÕÜàáÙÑÕêÙÔ, ÕâéÕÙ Üêê äêèÕß ÞêÐÙÝ ÜÞæÑÙÝ çéÙÝ éÔÔæÔèÔ âÜ ÐÙ ×ÕçÙÕêÕ éÜ ×Õç ÙÕæèê.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÞÛÜ ÞçÕÝ, ÞæØèäê ÐàÙ ÜÞáçàÔ ÛÙ ÓÙß ÔâêÙèÔ ÜÔÓ×Õê ÒÝ âÜ äÙ ÞÕÓÜ ÖÔ.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>                                                                                                            é Õ ä Ø ê</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             ÔÕ×ÜØ ÜÓ×Õê Ðê ÔâêÙèÔ, ÑÜÙ æÕ ÜÔÕæÐÕê.</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>             àÙêß ÔÙÕÝ, Õ' ÑêÞÕÖ êéà&quot;× (30.6.98).</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>é Õ ä Ø                é Õ ä Ø                   é Õ ä Ø ê                  <a name="MORE_DETAILS"></a><a name="GIVEN_AT_DATE"></a><a name="GIVEN_AT_GDATE"></a></span></p> <p class=4 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:DavidFix'>&nbsp;</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>Ôâêç ÞêÐÙÝ ÜÞçÕè</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>éÞèÙÔÕ ÛÔß - ÞÖÛÙè èÐéÙ</span></p> <p class=3 dir=RTL><span lang=HE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:DavidFix'>96066520.</span><span dir=LTR>D04</span></p> </div> </body> </html>